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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Transparent traffic encryption |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
| Architecture | 20% | - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement - Cilium core architecture and components |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Identity-aware and L3โL7 policy models - Policy enforcement modes |
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NEW QUESTION # 41
Which affirmation is true about eBPF host-routing?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
C accurately describes eBPF host-routing. In a conventional datapath, packets may traverse substantial portions of the host networking stack and its iptables hooks even when Cilium performs routing decisions with eBPF. eBPF host-routing takes a more direct datapath, bypassing iptables and the upper host stack while providing a faster transition between the host and pod network namespaces. This reduces processing and context-switching overhead and can improve throughput and latency.
Option A describes load-balancing behavior rather than host routing. Backend distribution is implemented through Cilium's service load-balancer maps and algorithms. Host routing can improve the path used by resulting packets, but it does not itself guarantee even backend selection.
Option B is the description of BIG TCP. BIG TCP increases the size of internal GSO and GRO packets to reduce stack traversal. Although BIG TCP requires eBPF host-routing in supported Cilium configurations, the two are distinct features.
Option D is overly specific and does not define the feature. Host routing optimizes compatible pod traffic generally, subject to kernel, kube-proxy-replacement, masquerading, netfilter, encryption, and integration constraints.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Host-Routing
Study Guide topic: eBPF host-routing, host-stack bypass, veth traversal, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 42
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 43
A user has set up a global service as a Kubernetes user with access to clusters in a Cilium Cluster Mesh. They notice that all traffic is going to remote backend pods. What is a possible explanation?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
If a global Service has no healthy local endpoints matching its selector, every available backend can be remote. Cluster Mesh synchronizes remote service and endpoint information, allowing the local Cilium datapath to load-balance requests to backend pods in connected clusters. The absence of local endpoints therefore provides a direct explanation for the observed behavior.
If the local cluster were not part of the Cluster Mesh, its Cilium agents would not normally receive the remote endpoint state needed to route traffic through the global Service, so B does not explain successful remote-only selection. An affinity value of none is the default behavior and expresses no preference between local and remote endpoints. When both categories exist and are healthy, this permits load balancing across both; it does not require every connection to use remote backends.
Setting service.cilium.io/shared: "false" prevents the local Service's backends from being shared with remote clusters. It does not instruct the local cluster to direct all requests toward remote endpoints.
A separate possible cause, not presented among the choices, would be service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" .
Among the supplied answers, however, A is the valid explanation.
Official references
Service Affinity ; Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 44
As a Kubernetes user, you have deployed the following Cilium Network Policy:
Cilium Layer 7 network policy exhibit
The network policy is not having any effect. What Is the Issue?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The policy attaches an HTTP Layer 7 rule to port 80 but omits protocol: TCP from the associated ports entry.
HTTP policy is layered on a Layer 4 TCP rule, and the documented Cilium form explicitly identifies TCP before specifying the HTTP method and path. D therefore identifies the configuration defect intended by the question.
The cross-namespace source selection is valid. The policy resides in namespace back and selects backend pods there. Its fromEndpoints selector explicitly includes k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace: blog , allowing it to select matching app-frontend endpoints in that other namespace. Option A is consequently not an error.
The k8s: source prefix in k8s:app.kubernetes.io/name is also valid Cilium label syntax and identifies the Kubernetes label source, making B false. Port 80 may be used in a Cilium policy; the privileged-port restriction concerns which processes may bind low-numbered ports under operating-system permissions, not whether a network policy can reference them.
The corrected port entry should contain port: "80" together with protocol: TCP .
Official references
Cilium Layer 7 Policies , Kubernetes Constructs in Cilium Policy
Study Guide topic: Combining Layer 4 port rules with Layer 7 HTTP policies.
NEW QUESTION # 45
Which of the following best describes how eBPF is used within Cilium9
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D most precisely describes Cilium's foundational use of eBPF. The Cilium agent translates desired networking and security state into eBPF programs and maps, then attaches those programs to Linux kernel hook points such as traffic-control ingress and egress, XDP, cgroups, and sockets. Packets can consequently be classified, permitted, dropped, redirected, load-balanced, or forwarded without requiring changes to the protected application.
Endpoint-policy programs associate traffic with Cilium security identities and perform Layer 3 and Layer 4 enforcement in the kernel. Traffic requiring Layer 7 inspection can be redirected from the eBPF datapath to Envoy. This combination provides efficient kernel-level enforcement while retaining application-aware controls.
Option A describes an important Hubble observability outcome, but it is narrower than Cilium's primary networking and enforcement model and overstates what is necessarily exposed through a UI. Option B mischaracterizes Cilium as DNS infrastructure; Cilium can enforce DNS-aware policies but does not replace Kubernetes DNS service discovery. Option C is too generic and implies a conventional threat-detection product rather than identity-based networking and policy enforcement.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction , Introduction to Cilium and Hubble
Study Guide topic: Kernel hooks, endpoint policy, identities, and eBPF datapath enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 46
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