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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Understand CRDs, install and configure operators - Manage role based access control (RBAC) - Use Helm and Kustomize to install cluster components - Implement and configure a highly-available control plane - Prepare underlying infrastructure for installing a Kubernetes cluster - Create and manage Kubernetes clusters using kubeadm - Manage the lifecycle of Kubernetes clusters - Understand extension interfaces (CNI, CSI, CRI, etc.) |
| Troubleshooting | 30% | - Troubleshoot cluster component failure - Troubleshoot application failure - Troubleshoot networking - Evaluate cluster and node logging - Understand how to monitor applications - Manage container stdout & stderr logs |
| Services & Networking | 20% | - Use ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer service types and endpoints - Understand and use CoreDNS - Define and enforce Network Policies - Understand connectivity between Pods - Know how to use Ingress controllers and Ingress resources - Use the Gateway API to manage Ingress traffic |
| Storage | 10% | - Understand persistent volume claims primitive - Understand how to configure applications with persistent storage - Understand Storage Classes and Persistent Volumes - Understand volume mode, access modes and reclaim policies |
| Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Understand Static Pods - Use label selectors to schedule Pods - Understand how scheduler works - Understand DaemonSets - Understand how to run multiple schedulers and configure scheduler policies - Use ConfigMaps and Secrets to configure applications - Understand Deployments and rolling update/rollback - Understand resource limits and requests |
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NEW QUESTION # 74
You must connect to the correct host.
Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh Cka000058
Context
You manage a WordPress application. Some Pods
are not starting because resource requests are
too high.
Task
A WordPress application in the relative-fawn
namespace consists of:
. A WordPress Deployment with 3 replicas.
Adjust all Pod resource requests as follows:
. Divide node resources evenly across all 3 Pods.
. Give each Pod a fair share of CPU and memory.
Answer:
Explanation:
Task Summary
You are managing a WordPress Deployment in namespace relative-fawn.
* Deployment has 3 replicas.
* Pods are not starting due to high resource requests.
* Your job:# Adjust CPU and memory requests so that all 3 pods evenly split the node's capacity.
Step-by-Step Solution
1## SSH into the correct host
bash
CopyEdit
ssh cka000058
# Skipping this will result in a zero score.
2## Check node resource capacity
You need to know the node's CPU and memory resources.
bash
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kubectl describe node | grep -A5 "Capacity"
Example output:
yaml
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Capacity:
cpu: 3
memory: 3Gi
Let's assume the node has:
* 3 CPUs
* 3Gi memory
So for 3 pods, divide evenly:
* CPU request per pod: 1
* Memory request per pod: 1Gi
## In the actual exam, check real values and divide accordingly. If the node has 4 CPUs and 8Gi, you'd allocate ~1.33 CPUs and ~2.66Gi RAM per pod (rounded reasonably).
3## Edit the Deployment
Edit the WordPress deployment in the relative-fawn namespace:
kubectl edit deployment wordpress -n relative-fawn
Look for the resources section under spec.template.spec.containers like this:
resources:
requests:
cpu: "1"
memory: "1Gi"
If the section doesn't exist, add it manually.
Save and exit the editor (:wq if using vi).
4## Confirm changes
Wait a few seconds, then check:
kubectl get pods -n relative-fawn
Ensure all 3 pods are in Running state.
You can also describe a pod to confirm resource requests are set:
kubectl describe pod <pod-name> -n relative-fawn | grep -A5 "Containers" ssh cka000058 kubectl describe node | grep -A5 "Capacity" kubectl edit deployment wordpress -n relative-fawn
# Set CPU: 1, Memory: 1Gi (or according to node capacity)
kubectl get pods -n relative-fawn
NEW QUESTION # 75
Create a pod as follows:
* Name: non-persistent-redis
* container Image: redis
* Volume with name: cache-control
* Mount path: /data/redis
The pod should launch in the staging namespace and the volume must not be persistent.
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 76
You have a Deployment named 'postgres-deployment' running a PostgreSQL database server. You need to configure the PostgreSQL server with a specific configuration file stored in a ConfigMap named postgres-config'. The configuration file includes sensitive information like the PostgreSQL superuser password. How can you securely store and mount this sensitive information without compromising security?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create the ConfigMap:
- Create a ConfigMap named 'postgres-config' containing the PostgreSQL configuration file (e.g., postgresql.conf). This file will likely contain the superuser password as a plain-text value. Create the ConfigMap using 'kubectl create configmap' with the '--from-file' flag:
kubectl create configmap postgres-config --from-file=postgresql.conf
2. Use a Secret for Sensitive Data:
- Create a Secret named postgres-password' to securely store the PostgreSQL superuser password. Use
'kubectl create secret generic' with the '--from-literal' flag:
kubectl create secret generic postgres-password --from-literal=postgres-password="your_postgres_password"
3. Modify the ConfigMap:
- Update the 'postgres-config' ConfigMap by replacing the plain-text password in the 'postgresql.conf with a placeholder or environment variable reference. This prevents the password from being exposed in plain text in the ConfigMap:
kubectl patch configmap postgres-config -p '{"data": {"postgresql.conf": "password =
'$POSTGRES PASSWORD' "}}'
4. Configure the Deployment:
- Modify the 'postgres-deployment' Deployment to mount both the 'postgres-config' ConfigMap and 'postgres- password' Secret as volumes in the Pod template. Use 'volumeMounts' to specify the mount paths and 'volumes' to define the volume sources:
5. Apply the Changes: - Apply the modified Deployment YAML using 'kubectl apply -f postgres-deployment.yamr. 6. Verify the Configuration: - Verify that the PostgreSQL container is using the secure password from the Secret by connecting to the PostgreSQL instance and attempting to authenticate. ]
NEW QUESTION # 77
Create a Pod with three busy box containers with commands "ls; sleep 3600;", "echo Hello World; sleep 3600;" and "echo this is the third container; sleep 3600" respectively and check the status
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 78
Configure the kubelet systemd- managed service, on the node labelled with name=wk8s-node-1, to launch a pod containing a single container of Image httpd named webtool automatically. Any spec files required should be placed in the /etc/kubernetes/manifests directory on the node.
You can ssh to the appropriate node using:
[student@node-1] $ ssh wk8s-node-1
You can assume elevated privileges on the node with the following command:
[student@wk8s-node-1] $ | sudo -i
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 79
......
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