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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - API server security - Authentication and authorization |
| Topic 2: Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 15% | - Runtime threat detection - Audit logging and monitoring |
| Topic 3: Cluster Setup | 15% | - Secure installation configuration - Hardening cluster components |
| Topic 4: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Image scanning and verification - Secure CI/CD practices |
| Topic 5: System Hardening | 15% | - Host security controls - Kernel and node security configuration |
| Topic 6: Minimizing Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Pod security standards - Container isolation and security contexts |
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NEW QUESTION # 11
Create a User named john, create the CSR Request, fetch the certificate of the user after approving it.
Create a Role name john-role to list secrets, pods in namespace john
Finally, Create a RoleBinding named john-role-binding to attach the newly created role john-role to the user john in the namespace john.
To Verify: Use the kubectl auth CLI command to verify the permissions.
Answer:
Explanation:
se kubectl to create a CSR and approve it.
Get the list of CSRs:
kubectl get csr
Approve the CSR:
kubectl certificate approve myuser
Get the certificate
Retrieve the certificate from the CSR:
kubectl get csr/myuser -o yaml
here are the role and role-binding to give john permission to create NEW_CRD resource:
kubectl apply -f roleBindingJohn.yaml --as=john
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/john_external-rosource-rb created kind: RoleBinding apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 metadata:
name: john_crd
namespace: development-john
subjects:
- kind: User
name: john
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: crd-creation
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: crd-creation
rules:
- apiGroups: ["kubernetes-client.io/v1"]
resources: ["NEW_CRD"]
verbs: ["create, list, get"]
NEW QUESTION # 12
SIMULATION
a. Retrieve the content of the existing secret named default-token-xxxxx in the testing namespace.
Store the value of the token in the token.txt
b. Create a new secret named test-db-secret in the DB namespace with the following content:
username: mysql
password: password@123
Create the Pod name test-db-pod of image nginx in the namespace db that can access test-db-secret via a volume at path /etc/mysql-credentials
Answer:
Explanation:
To add a Kubernetes cluster to your project, group, or instance:
Navigate to your:
Project's Operations > Kubernetes page, for a project-level cluster.
Group's Kubernetes page, for a group-level cluster.
Admin Area > Kubernetes page, for an instance-level cluster.
Click Add Kubernetes cluster.
Click the Add existing cluster tab and fill in the details:
Kubernetes cluster name (required) - The name you wish to give the cluster.
Environment scope (required) - The associated environment to this cluster.
API URL (required) - It's the URL that GitLab uses to access the Kubernetes API. Kubernetes exposes several APIs, we want the "base" URL that is common to all of them. For example, https://kubernetes.example.com rather than https://kubernetes.example.com/api/v1.
Get the API URL by running this command:
kubectl cluster-info | grep -E 'Kubernetes master|Kubernetes control plane' | awk '/http/ {print $NF}' CA certificate (required) - A valid Kubernetes certificate is needed to authenticate to the cluster. We use the certificate created by default.
List the secrets with kubectl get secrets, and one should be named similar to default-token-xxxxx. Copy that token name for use below.
Get the certificate by running this command:
kubectl get secret <secret name> -o jsonpath="{['data']['ca\.crt']}"
NEW QUESTION # 13
You are running a critical application within a Kubernetes cluster. Your application relies on a base image with several unnecessary packages installed. These packages increase the attack surface of your application and make it more vulnerable to exploits. You want to minimize the base image footprint to enhance the security posture of your application. Explain how you can achieve this in a production environment.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Identify unnecessary Packages:
- Use tools like 'alpine-pkg-info' or 'dpkg -l' to list installed packages within the base image.
- Analyze the package list to identify packages that are not strictly required for your application's functionality.
- Example: If you are running a Node.js application, you might identity development tools like 'gcc' or 'make' as unnecessary.
2. Create a Custom Base Image:
- Docker-file: Start by creating a Dockefflle that inherits from a minimal base image like 'alpine:latest or 'ubuntu:latest' (depending on your application's requirements).
- Install Essential Packages: Include only the absolutely necessary packages for your application in the Dockerfile. Use the 'apt-get install' (for Debian/lJbuntu) or 'apk add' (for Alpine) commands to install these packages.
- Example Dockerfile:
FROM alpine:latest
# Install necessary packages
RIJN apk add --no-cache bash openssl curl nodejs npm
# Copy your application code
COPY _ /app
# Set working directory and execute start script
WORKDIR 'app
CMD ["npm", "start"]
3. Test the Custom Image:
- Build the custom image using 'docker build -t custom-base-image
- Create a container from the custom image and run your application to ensure everything works correctly. This step is critical to catch any compatibility issues before deploying to your Kubernetes cluster.
4. Update Your Deployments:
- Modify your Deployment YAML files to use the custom base image instead of the original image. Update the 'image' field to reference the custom base image tag.
- Example:
5. Deploy the Updated Application: - Use 'kubectl apply -f deployment_yaml to update your deployment with the new image- - Monitor the deployment to ensure a successful rollout with your minimal base image. 6. Regular - Periodically review your application's requirements and ensure that the base image still meets your needs. -As you add new features or update dependencies, you might need to add additional packages to the base image. - Keep the image as minimal as possible and use the least-privilege principle when selecting packages.
NEW QUESTION # 14
SIMULATION
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may
result in a zero score.
[candidato@base] $ ssh cks000023
Task
Analyze and edit the Dockerfile located at /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile, fixing one instruction present in the file that is a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove instructions; only modify the one existing instruction with a security/best-practice concern.
Do not build the Dockerfile, Failure to do so may result in running out of storage and a zero score.
Analyze and edit the given manifest file /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml, fixing one fields present in the file that are a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove fields; only modify the one existing field with a security/best-practice concern.
Should you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user nobody with user ID 65535.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
0) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000023
sudo -i
PART A - Fix ONE prominent Dockerfile security/best-practice issue
1) Open the Dockerfile
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile
2) Find the "most obvious" security/best-practice problem and modify ONLY THAT ONE instruction Use / search in vi to quickly find candidates:
Candidate 1 (very common): USER root (or no USER but a USER 0)
Search:
/USER
If you see:
USER root
Change that single instruction to:
USER 65535
(or USER nobody if that exact word is already used in the file-but the task explicitly allows UID 65535, so USER 65535 is safest.)
✅ This is one-instruction change and is a top-tier best practice.
Candidate 2 (very common): FROM <image>:latest
Search:
/FROM
If you see something like:
FROM nginx:latest
Change ONLY that line to a pinned tag (example):
FROM nginx:1.25.5
(Any non-latest pinned version is the point. Don't add a digest line; just modify the existing FROM line.) Candidate 3: ADD http://... (remote URL download) Search:
/ADD
If you see remote URL usage like:
ADD https://example.com/app.tar.gz /app/
Change that single instruction to COPY only if it's copying local files.
If it's a remote URL, the more "correct" fix would normally be using curl with verification, but that would require adding instructions (not allowed).
So in this exam constraint, do NOT pick this unless it's actually a local add like:
ADD . /app
Then change just the word:
COPY . /app
3) Save and exit
:wq
Don't run docker build (task forbids building).
PART B - Fix ONE prominent security/best-practice issue in the Deployment manifest
4) Open the manifest
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml
5) Change ONLY ONE existing field that is a clear security issue
Use / search in vi for the usual "bad fields":
Option 1 (most common): running as root
Search:
/runAsUser
If you see:
runAsUser: 0
Change that one existing field value to:
runAsUser: 65535
✅ This is a single-field change and matches the prompt hint.
Option 2: privileged container
Search:
/privileged
If you see:
privileged: true
Change only that value to:
privileged: false
Option 3: allow privilege escalation
Search:
/allowPrivilegeEscalation
If you see:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
Change only that value to:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
Option 4: writable root filesystem
Search:
/readOnlyRootFilesystem
If you see:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
Change only that value to:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
Option 5: image uses :latest
Search:
/image:
If you see:
image: something:latest
Change only that value to a pinned tag, e.g.:
image: something:1.2.3
6) Save and exit
:wq
What to pick (fast decision rule)
If you see run as root in either file, that's usually the highest scoring / most "prominent" security issue.
Dockerfile: USER root → USER 65535
Deployment: runAsUser: 0 → runAsUser: 65535
Those are perfect because you only modify one line/field and it matches the hint.
NEW QUESTION # 15
Your organization has adopted a microservices architecture. Each microservice is deployed as a Kubernetes pod, and the communication between them relies neavily on service discovery and network policies. You need to implement a security measure to prevent unauthorized pods from accessing sensitive data stored within other pods. What techniques would you use and how would you apply them in a Kubernetes environment?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Network Policy:
- Define network policies to restrict communication between pods based on specific criteria like namespaces, labels, and pod selectors.
- Create network policies that only allow authorized pods to access sensitive data.
- For example
- Allow pods in the 'production' namespace to only communicate with pods in the same namespace and pods in the 'database' namespace.
- Deny all other tramc from pods in the 'production- namespace.
2. Service Mesh:
- Utilize a service mesh like Istio or Linkerd to provide fine-grained control over service-to-service communication.
- Define policies within the service mesh to enforce authorization rules and restrict access to sensitive data.
- Service mesh implementations offer features like:
- Mutual TLS (mTLS): Encrypt all communications between pods with certificates tor mutual authentication and authorization.
- Traffic Management: Control the flow of traffic between services based on rules, rate limits, and circuit breakers.
- Access Control: Enforce access control policies for specific services or endpoints.
3. Pod security Policies (PSP):
- Implement pod security policies (PSP) to restrict the capabilities and resources available to pods.
- Define PSP rules that prevent pods from accessing sensitive volumes or having privileged permissions.
- Use PSPs to restrict pod resource usage and limit the potential impact of security breaches.
4. Secret Management:
- Store sensitive data, such as API keys, database credentials, and certificates, in Kubernetes secrets.
- Use strong encryption and access control to restrict access to secrets.
- Utilize Kubernetes's built-in secret management tools or third-party solutions to manage and rotate secrets securely.
5. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)I
- Implement R8AC within Kubernetes to control access to resources.
- Assign roles and permissions to users and service accounts based on their responsibilities.
- Grant minimum privileges to users and service accounts, limiting their access to only what is necessary.
NEW QUESTION # 16
......
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