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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Policy enforcement modes - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Hubble architecture and CLI usage |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Transparent traffic encryption - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture |
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NEW QUESTION # 58
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
NEW QUESTION # 59
What is an accurate description related to eBPF?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D is the accurate general description because eBPF programs can attach at kernel and application-related hook points where data may already be decrypted, depending on the program and the selected hook. The statement says "could," not that every packet-processing eBPF program automatically decrypts TLS. Cilium's documented TLS-aware inspection uses controlled TLS termination and a userspace Envoy proxy; the broader point is that eBPF is not restricted to observing encrypted wire-format packets at a single network interface.
The other choices are directly contradicted by Cilium's eBPF documentation. XDP and traffic-control programs can be replaced atomically at runtime without rebooting the host or restarting network services, so A is false. Traffic-control BPF supports both ingress and egress hook points, making B false. Cilium also applies eBPF-based security to the host through its Host Firewall and host-policy capabilities; therefore, eBPF security is not inherently confined to container traffic, and C is false.
A critical distinction is that inspecting application plaintext depends on where the program attaches and where encryption occurs. Cilium's ordinary L3/L4 datapath does not magically decrypt TLS, while its documented TLS interception workflow explicitly terminates and re-originates selected connections to expose application- layer content.
Official references
Cilium eBPF program types ; eBPF datapath introduction ; Inspecting TLS Encrypted Connections .
Study Guide topic: eBPF.
NEW QUESTION # 60
We observed Hubble output:
Question 7 Hubble flow exhibit
Explain what may have happened:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The exhibit records connections originating from default/test and directed to default/test2 , eliminating B and C because those choices reverse the initiating workload. For destination port 80, the flow shows the TCP three-way handshake-SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK-followed by bidirectional packets with ACK/PSH flags and an orderly FIN exchange. This is the pattern of a successfully established request and response, so the first curl operation succeeded.
The later connection targets port 8080. Hubble records a SYN from test followed by an ACK, RST response from test2 . A reset returned immediately after the connection attempt indicates that the destination rejected or could not accept the connection, commonly because no process was listening on that port. It is not shown as a policy drop; both entries carry the FORWARDED verdict. Thus the network delivered the packets, but the TCP connection itself failed.
Option D is the only choice matching a successful request from test to port 80 and a failed request from test to port 8080. Its displayed IP strings contain source-document transcription defects, but its workload direction, ports, and outcomes match the exhibit.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the CLI ; Troubleshooting with Hubble .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 61
As a Kubernetes user, you have deployed the following Cilium Network Policy:
Cilium Layer 7 network policy exhibit
The network policy is not having any effect. What Is the Issue?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The policy attaches an HTTP Layer 7 rule to port 80 but omits protocol: TCP from the associated ports entry.
HTTP policy is layered on a Layer 4 TCP rule, and the documented Cilium form explicitly identifies TCP before specifying the HTTP method and path. D therefore identifies the configuration defect intended by the question.
The cross-namespace source selection is valid. The policy resides in namespace back and selects backend pods there. Its fromEndpoints selector explicitly includes k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace: blog , allowing it to select matching app-frontend endpoints in that other namespace. Option A is consequently not an error.
The k8s: source prefix in k8s:app.kubernetes.io/name is also valid Cilium label syntax and identifies the Kubernetes label source, making B false. Port 80 may be used in a Cilium policy; the privileged-port restriction concerns which processes may bind low-numbered ports under operating-system permissions, not whether a network policy can reference them.
The corrected port entry should contain port: "80" together with protocol: TCP .
Official references
Cilium Layer 7 Policies , Kubernetes Constructs in Cilium Policy
Study Guide topic: Combining Layer 4 port rules with Layer 7 HTTP policies.
NEW QUESTION # 62
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 63
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