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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Organizational Structure and Culture | - Organizational culture and change - Organizational design and structure types |
| Topic 2: Ethics and Organizational Responsibility | - Ethical decision making in organizations - Corporate social responsibility |
| Topic 3: Motivation and Performance | - Goal setting and performance management - Motivation theories (Maslow, Herzberg, McClelland, Expectancy theory) |
| Topic 4: Leadership and Management | - Power, influence, and authority - Leadership styles and theories |
| Topic 5: Foundations of Organizational Behavior | - Work attitudes and job satisfaction - Individual behavior in organizations - Definition and scope of organizational behavior |
| Topic 6: Human Resource and Workplace Behavior | - Recruitment, selection, and onboarding concepts - Performance evaluation and feedback systems |
| Topic 7: Communication and Decision Making | - Organizational communication processes - Decision-making models and biases |
| Topic 8: Teams and Group Dynamics | - Group decision-making and conflict resolution - Team formation and development stages |
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NEW QUESTION # 18
What is the impact of high group cohesiveness and well-defined performance norms on the productivity of a team?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The interaction between cohesiveness and performance norms is a critical concept in Organizational Behavior. As shown in the research regarding group dynamics,the productivity of the team will improve significantlywhen both cohesiveness and performance norms are high. Cohesiveness provides the social
"glue" that keeps the team together, while performance norms provide the "direction" by establishing clear expectations for effort, output, and quality.
When these two factors coincide, the group becomes a powerful force; members motivate one another to meet the high standards they have collectively accepted. This is the "ideal" state for any work team. If cohesiveness is high but performance norms are low, the group is unified but unproductive. If cohesiveness is low but norms are high, productivity improves only slightly because members lack the social bond to sustain high- level collaboration. Therefore, the combination of a strong bond and high standards yields the most significant productivity gains.
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which statement is true about groupshift?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Groupshift is a phenomenon related to groupthink, specifically describing the way group members tend to exaggerate their initial positions when discussing a given set of alternatives. In a group setting, the collective decision often shows a shift toward a more extreme version of the position held by members before the discussion began. While many people assume groups always lead to more conservative decisions, groupshift demonstrates that the shift can move in either direction: toward greater caution or toward greater risk.
The shift toward risk is more common in many organizational settings. This occurs for several reasons: first, the shared responsibility of a group diffuses the accountability for any single individual, making them feel bolder. Second, members who are more willing to take risks may be perceived as more confident and thus exert more influence over the group's final decision. Conversely, if the initial atmosphere of the group is conservative, the discussion tends to reinforce that caution, leading to a "shift" toward even more extreme avoidance of risk. Understanding groupshift is vital for managers because it highlights that group decisions are not necessarily "average" or "moderate" versions of individual opinions; rather, the social dynamics within a group can drive the collective toward extremes that no single member might have chosen independently.
Recognizing this allows leaders to implement checks and balances, such as appointing a devil's advocate, to ensure that the group does not drift into a dangerous or overly timid position due to the social reinforcement of the shift phenomenon.
NEW QUESTION # 20
What is a purpose of employee evaluations?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Performance evaluations serve several vital functions within an organization's management system. The primary purpose isto assist management in making human resource decisions. These decisions include identifying who should receive promotions, who is eligible for salary increases, and who might need to be transferred or even terminated.
Beyond administrative decisions, evaluations provide essential feedback to employees about how the organization views their performance. This feedback acts as a basis for personal development and career planning. Furthermore, evaluations help identify training and development needs by pinpointing specific skill deficiencies that an employee may have. They also provide a criterion against which the organization can validate its selection and development programs; for instance, if employees who scored high on a hiring test perform poorly on their evaluations, the hiring process may need to be adjusted. Therefore, rather than being a psychological diagnostic tool (Option B) or a pre-hiring screen (Option C), the performance evaluation is a retrospective and developmental tool used to manage the existing workforce effectively.
NEW QUESTION # 21
How might a charismatic leader work to increase performance in an organization?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Charismatic Leadership Theory suggests that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. The most fundamental way a charismatic leader increases performance is byarticulating an appealing vision. This vision serves as a long-term strategy for attaining a goal by making the future better than the status quo.
Image of Charismatic Leadership Characteristics
A charismatic leader does not just set goals; they provide a "vision statement"-a formal proclamation of an organization's mission-that they use to imprint on followers an overarching goal and purpose. They then communicate high-performance expectations and express confidence that followers can attain them, which enhances follower self-esteem. Unlike transactional leaders who rely on rewards or directive approaches, charismatic leaders use emotional appeal and personal risk-taking to inspire followers to go beyond their self- interest for the sake of the organization. This articulation of a "better future" is the primary engine of motivation in charismatic leadership.
NEW QUESTION # 22
A team was assigned a project. Halfway through the project, however, it became obvious that the team was failing to meet expectations. Management had made sure that individuals assigned to the team had strong technical expertise as well as problem-solving and decision-making skills. However, other abilities for effective teamwork were overlooked. Which ability necessary for team members was overlooked?
Answer: C
Explanation:
To perform effectively, a team requires three different types of skills. First, it needs people with technical expertise to perform the task at hand. Second, it needs people with problem-solving and decision-making skills to be able to identify problems, generate alternatives, and make competent choices. Finally, and perhaps most importantly for group cohesion, a team needs people with stronginterpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills include effective listening, feedback, and conflict resolution.
In the scenario provided, the team had the "hard" skills (technical and analytical) but lacked the "soft" skills required to navigate the social complexities of working as a unit. Without interpersonal skills, a team may have the smartest individuals but still fail because they cannot communicate effectively or resolve the inevitable friction that arises during a long-term project. While "propensity for social loafing" is a behavior to avoid, and "authoritarian personality" is often a hindrance, the foundational "ability" cited in organizational behavior literature as a prerequisite for team success alongside technical and problem-solving skills is interpersonal competence.
NEW QUESTION # 23
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