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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Computer Architecture & Organization | 15% | - Von Neumann architecture - Memory hierarchy and performance - Instruction sets and execution cycles - CPU, memory, I/O systems |
| Topic 2: Software Engineering & Programming Basics | 15% | - Basic syntax and control structures - Programming paradigms - Software development lifecycle - Testing and debugging fundamentals |
| Topic 3: Data Structures | 20% | - Primitive and composite data types - Data storage and retrieval principles - Trees, graphs, hash tables - Arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues |
| Topic 4: Algorithms & Complexity | 25% | - Recursion and iterative structures - Algorithm design and analysis - Big O notation, time and space complexity - Sorting and searching algorithms |
| Topic 5: Discrete Mathematics & Logic | 25% | - Propositional and predicate logic - Proof techniques and mathematical induction - Boolean algebra and digital logic - Set theory, relations, functions |
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NEW QUESTION # 21
How can someone subset the last two rows and columns of a 2D NumPy array?
Answer: D
Explanation:
NumPy slicing uses the same start/stop rules as Python sequences, and it also supports negative indices to count from the end. In a 2D array, slicing is written as array[rows, columns]. To get thelast two rows, you use
-2: in the row position, meaning "start two rows from the end and go to the end." Similarly, to get thelast two columns, you use -2: in the column position. Combining these gives array[-2:, -2:], which selects the bottom- right 2×2 subarray.
Option A, array[-2:, :], selects the last two rows butall columns, so it is not restricted to the last two columns.
Option D, array[:, -2:], selects all rows but only the last two columns. Option B, array[-1:, -1:], selects only the last row and the last column, producing a 1×1 (or 1×1 view) subarray, not a 2×2.
This kind of slicing is widely taught because it is essential for matrix operations, extracting submatrices, working with sliding windows, and manipulating image or time-series data where "take the last k observations/features" is common. Negative indexing reduces errors and makes code clearer, especially compared with computing explicit indices like array[rows-2:rows, cols-2:cols].
NEW QUESTION # 22
Given the following code, what is the expected output?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In NumPy, a 2D array can be visualized as a table of rows and columns. When you write np_2d[0], you are usingzero-based indexingto select thefirst rowof that 2D array. This is a standard convention in Python and many other programming languages: index 0 refers to the first element, index 1 to the second, and so on.
Therefore, np_2d[0] returns all the elements in row 0.
With a typical construction such as np_2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 30, 40]]), the first row is [1, 2, 3,
4], so printing np_2d[0] displays that row. NumPy returns the row as a 1D NumPy array, and when printed it often appears in bracket form like [1 2 3 4] (spaces rather than commas are common in NumPy's display).
Conceptually, however, the contents are exactly the first row values, matching option C.
Option A and D show the second row (index 1), not the first. Option B incorrectly suggests a column extraction rather than a row selection.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which character is used to indicate a range of values to be sliced into a new list?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In Python, slicing is the standard mechanism for extracting arangeof elements from a sequence type such as a list, string, or tuple. The character that signals a slice range is thecolon:. The general slice syntax is sequence
[start:stop:step]. Most commonly, you see sequence[start:stop], where start is the index to begin from (inclusive) and stop is the index to end at (exclusive). This "inclusive start, exclusive stop" rule is emphasized in textbooks because it makes slice lengths easy to reason about: when step is 1, the number of elements returned is stop - start.
For example, if items = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], then items[1:4] returns ["b", "c", "d"]. Omitting start defaults to the beginning (items[:3] gives the first three elements), and omitting stop defaults to the end (items[2:] gives everything from index 2 onward). The optional step supports patterns like items[::2] for every other element, and negative steps can reverse a sequence (items[::-1]).
The other characters do not define ranges in Python slicing: , separates items (or indices in multidimensional structures), + is addition/concatenation, and = is assignment. The colon is the slicing operator that indicates a range.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Which sorting algorithm works by finding the smallest or largest element in an unsorted part of a list and moving it to the sorted part of the list?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Selection sort is defined by a simple repeated strategy: divide the list into a sorted region and an unsorted region, then repeatedly select the smallest (or largest) element from the unsorted region and move it to the end of the sorted region. In the common "smallest-first" version, the algorithm scans the unsorted portion to find the minimum element, then swaps it into the next position in the sorted portion. After the first pass, the smallest element is fixed at index 0; after the second pass, the second-smallest is fixed at index 1; and so on until the entire list is sorted.
This exactly matches the description in the question, making selection sort the correct answer. Textbooks often use selection sort to teach algorithmic thinking because it is easy to understand and implement, though not efficient for large datasets. Its time complexity is O(n²) in the average and worst case because it performs roughly n scans of progressively smaller unsorted sections, with each scan taking linear time. Its space usage is O(1) additional space because it sorts in place using swaps.
The other options do not match the described mechanism. Quicksort partitions around a pivot, heap sort uses a heap data structure to repeatedly extract the maximum/minimum, and radix sort processes digits/keys by place value rather than selecting minima by scanning. Selection sort's defining action is the repeated "select the min/max and place it."
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which method allows a user to convert a string value to all capital letters in Python?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In Python, strings are objects of type str, and the language provides many built-in string methods for common transformations. The standard method used to convert all alphabetic characters in a string to uppercase is upper(). For example, "Hello, World".upper() produces "HELLO, WORLD". This method is part of Python's core string API and is documented as returning anewstring because strings are immutable in Python; the original string is not modified.
Options A and D resemble methods from other programming languages. For instance, toUpperCase() is commonly seen in Java and JavaScript, not Python. Option B, makeUpper(), is not a standard method in Python's str type. Python's naming conventions for built-in methods are typically short and lowercase, which is consistent with upper(), lower(), strip(), and replace().
It is also important to note what upper() does and does not do. It affects letters according to Unicode case-mapping rules, so it works beyond ASCII and supports many languages. Non-alphabetic characters such as digits, punctuation, and whitespace remain unchanged. Because the method returns a new string, it supports functional-style programming and safe reuse of the original data. In many textbook examples, upper() is paired with input normalization tasks, such as case-insensitive comparisons and cleaning user-entered text.
NEW QUESTION # 26
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