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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Foundations of Economics | - Scarcity, opportunity cost, and economic reasoning - Market systems and economic models |
| Macroeconomic Environment | - GDP, inflation, and unemployment - Fiscal and monetary policy |
| Global Economics | - International trade and comparative advantage - Global economic institutions and trade policy - Exchange rates and currency systems |
| Microeconomics for Managers | - Supply and demand analysis - Market structures and competition - Elasticity and pricing decisions |
| Managerial Economic Decision-Making | - Cost-benefit analysis in business contexts - Risk and uncertainty in global markets |
>> Global-Economics-for-Managers復習内容 <<
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質問 # 58
What is an example of a company that is market-seeking?
正解：C
解説：
In Global Economics for Managers , a market-seeking company is one that invests in or enters a foreign location primarily to serve local or regional customers , making option C the correct answer. Market- seeking behavior is driven by demand-side considerations rather than cost or resource availability.
Option C describes a firm searching for a location where there is high consumer interest in camping supplies , which directly reflects a desire to access and serve a specific market. Such firms are motivated by factors like market size, growth potential, consumer preferences, and proximity to customers. Market-seeking firms often establish foreign subsidiaries, sales offices, or production facilities to adapt products to local tastes and respond quickly to demand.
Option A describes a resource-seeking firm, focused on obtaining low-cost or specialized inputs. Option B also reflects resource-seeking behavior, specifically in extractive industries. Option D describes a cost- seeking (efficiency-seeking) firm that locates production in regions with low labor costs.
Global Economics for Managers classifies foreign direct investment motives into market-seeking, resource- seeking, efficiency-seeking, and strategic asset-seeking. Market-seeking investment is particularly common in consumer goods and service industries, where understanding local preferences is critical for success.
For managers, recognizing market-seeking motives helps guide decisions about location, marketing strategy, and product adaptation. Thus, option C accurately illustrates a market-seeking company.
質問 # 59
In which situation is the contender strategy appropriate for responding to multinational enterprises (MNEs)?
正解：C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, thecontender strategyis appropriate whenindustry pressure to globalize is high, but competitive assets are customized to home markets, making option B correct. This strategy is typically adopted by domestic firms facing strong competition from multinational enterprises (MNEs) in industries that are becoming increasingly global.
High pressure to globalize means that firms must compete on an international scale, often due to global customers, standardized products, or strong foreign competitors. However, when a firm's competitive assets- such as brand reputation, customer relationships, distribution networks, or regulatory knowledge-are deeply rooted in the home market, they are not easily transferable abroad. In this situation, the firm cannot immediately expand internationally without losing its competitive advantage.
Under a contender strategy, firms focus ondefending and strengthening their domestic positionwhile gradually upgrading capabilities to prepare for future global competition. This may involve improving efficiency, investing in technology, forming selective alliances, or learning from foreign competitors operating in the home market.
Option A describes conditions suitable for anextender strategy, where firms can leverage transferable assets internationally. Options C and D reflect low pressure to globalize and are more consistent with defender or dodger strategies rather than contender behavior.
Therefore, option B best captures the conditions under which the contender strategy is applied in response to MNE competition.
質問 # 60
Which effect does increased government spending have on aggregate demand if the multiplier effect is greater than the crowding-out effect?
正解：A
解説：
In Global Economics for Managers , when the multiplier effect exceeds the crowding-out effect , increased government spending causes aggregate demand (AD) to rise by more than the initial increase in spending
, making option A correct.
The multiplier effect occurs because government spending generates income, which leads to further consumption. Crowding out occurs when government borrowing raises interest rates and reduces private investment. If the multiplier is stronger, the net effect is an amplified increase in AD.
Thus, option A is correct.
質問 # 61
What does producer surplus measure?
正解：B
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,producer surplusmeasuresthe benefit that sellers receive from participating in a market, making option A the correct answer. Producer surplus represents the difference between the price sellers receive for a good and the minimum price they are willing to accept to produce that good.
This concept reflects the gains to producers from market transactions. At a given market price, some producers are willing to supply goods at lower costs than others. When the market price exceeds a producer's cost of production, that producer earns a surplus. Summing this surplus across all producers yields total producer surplus.
Option B refers to a shortage or surplus condition, not producer surplus. Option C describeseconomic well- being, which is more broadly measured by indicators like GDP or total surplus. Option D definesconsumer surplus, which measures benefits to buyers, not sellers.
Global Economics for Managersemphasizes that producer surplus, together with consumer surplus, forms total economic surplus, a key measure of market efficiency. Policies such as taxes, subsidies, and price controls affect producer surplus by changing prices and quantities.
For managers, understanding producer surplus helps analyze how market prices, costs, and policy interventions affect firm profitability and incentives. Therefore, option A correctly defines producer surplus.
質問 # 62
What is deadweight cost?
正解：D
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,deadweight cost (or deadweight loss)is defined asa net loss that occurs in an economy as a result of tariffs or other market distortions, making option D the correct answer.
Deadweight cost represents the reduction in total economic surplus-consumer surplus plus producer surplus-that is not offset by gains to any other group, including the government.
When a tariff is imposed on imported goods, domestic prices rise above world prices. As a result, consumers purchase less of the good and pay higher prices, while domestic producers may increase output despite being less efficient than foreign producers. Although the government collects tariff revenue, this revenue does not fully compensate for the loss experienced by consumers and the misallocation of resources. The portion of lost surplus that is not transferred to producers or the government is the deadweight cost.
Option A is incorrect because a government payment to a domestic firm refers to asubsidy, not a deadweight cost. Option B describes ananti-dumping tariff, which is a specific trade policy instrument rather than a definition of deadweight cost. Option C definesopportunity cost, a fundamental economic concept distinct from deadweight loss.
From a managerial perspective,Global Economics for Managersemphasizes that deadweight costs signal economic inefficiency. Tariffs distort price signals, encouraging production in higher-cost domestic industries and discouraging consumption that would otherwise generate value. These inefficiencies reduce overall economic welfare and can lead to retaliation by trading partners, further magnifying losses.
Understanding deadweight cost is essential for managers operating in global markets, as it explains why protectionist policies often reduce national and global welfare despite benefiting specific interest groups.
Thus, option D accurately reflects the definition and economic significance of deadweight cost in international trade analysis.
質問 # 63
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