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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: System Hacking | 8% | - Clearing Tracks & Logs - Gaining Access: Password Attacks - Maintaining Access - Privilege Escalation |
| Topic 2: Session Hijacking | 4% | - Hijacking Techniques - Application & Network Level Hijacking - Countermeasures - Session Hijacking Concepts |
| Topic 3: Scanning Networks | 8% | - Network Scanning Basics - Host & Port Discovery - Scanning Countermeasures - AI-Assisted Scanning - Scanning Beyond IDS/Firewall - Service & OS Fingerprinting |
| Topic 4: Sniffing | 5% | - Sniffing Countermeasures - Sniffing Tools & Techniques - Packet Sniffing Concepts - MITM Attacks |
| Topic 5: Cryptography | 5% | - Public Key Infrastructure - Cryptography in Practice - Encryption Concepts & Algorithms - Cryptanalysis & Attacks |
| Topic 6: Footprinting and Reconnaissance | 7% | - DNS, WHOIS, Network Mapping - Reconnaissance Concepts - OSINT Techniques - Reconnaissance Countermeasures |
| Topic 7: IoT & OT Security | 4% | - Security Controls - IoT/OT Architecture & Risks - Attacks on IoT & OT Systems |
| Topic 8: Denial-of-Service | 4% | - Defense Mechanisms - Attack Techniques & Botnets - DDoS Tools - DoS & DDoS Concepts |
| Topic 9: Web Server & Application Attacks | 8% | - Web Server Vulnerabilities - Web Application Attacks: XSS, CSRF - API Security Risks - Web Security Countermeasures - SQL Injection & Command Injection |
| Topic 10: Malware Threats | 7% | - Malware Analysis & Countermeasures - Malware Types: Trojans, Viruses, Worms - AI-Powered Malware - APT & Fileless Malware |
| Topic 11: Social Engineering | 6% | - Phishing, Pretexting, Baiting - Social Engineering Concepts - Countermeasures & Awareness - Identity Theft |
| Topic 12: Wireless Networks | 5% | - Wireless Threats & Attacks - Wireless Encryption: WEP, WPA2, WPA3 - Security Best Practices - Wireless Hacking Tools |
| Topic 13: Evading IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots | 5% | - Evasion Techniques - Honeypot Concepts & Detection - IDS, IPS, Firewall Technologies |
| Topic 14: Vulnerability Analysis | 8% | - Scanning & Analysis Tools - Vulnerability Classification & Scoring - Vulnerability Research & Databases - Vulnerability Assessment Lifecycle |
| Topic 15: Mobile Platforms | 4% | - Mobile Device Security - Android & iOS Vulnerabilities - Mobile Attack Vectors |
| Topic 16: Cloud Computing | 5% | - Cloud Security Best Practices - Cloud Models & Services - Cloud Security Risks - AWS, Azure, GCP Attacks |
| Topic 17: Introduction to Ethical Hacking | 5% | - Ethical Hacking Methodology - Legal and Ethical Compliance - Information Security Concepts - Cyber Kill Chain & MITRE ATT&CK |
| Topic 18: Enumeration | 7% | - DNS, SMTP, NFS Enumeration - Enumeration Concepts - NetBIOS, SNMP, LDAP Enumeration - Enumeration Countermeasures - AI-Driven Enumeration |
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NEW QUESTION # 443
On a warm spring evening in Frankfurt, Germany, certified ethical hacker Elena Voss was conducting an authorized wireless security assessment of a large enterprise campus network. While monitoring authentication exchanges between wireless clients and the network's centralized authentication system, she captured a valid authentication sequence and later retransmitted the same sequence toward the network without modifying its contents.
The access-control system processed the repeated authentication data as legitimate and granted network access without requiring a fresh authentication attempt. Further analysis confirmed that the reused authentication exchange was accepted because session uniqueness was insufficiently validated during the authentication process.
What type of wireless integrity attack is being demonstrated in this scenario?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Extensible AP Replay is the CEH term for replaying captured 802.1X Extensible Authentication Protocol exchanges between a wireless supplicant and the authentication infrastructure. The attacker records a legitimate EAP sequence and retransmits it later. If the implementation does not properly validate nonces, session identifiers, counters, or other freshness information, it may accept the recorded exchange as a new authentication attempt.
The decisive evidence is that a complete client authentication sequence was captured and replayed without modification. RFC 3748 defines EAP as an authentication framework commonly transported directly over IEEE 802 networks. Secure EAP implementations must distinguish retransmissions from messages recorded during an earlier authentication session. RFC 5247 specifically requires AAA, EAP, and secure-association exchanges to be protected against replay.
RADIUS Replay is more specifically associated with replaying RADIUS access or authentication messages between a network access server-such as an access point-and the backend RADIUS server. Generic Data Replay concerns captured wireless data frames rather than an 802.1X authentication exchange. Initialization Vector Replay targets weak IV handling, particularly in legacy WEP environments. Therefore, the client-side authentication sequence described is most accurately classified as Extensible AP Replay.
NEW QUESTION # 444
You are the chief cybersecurity officer at CloudSecure Inc., and your team is responsible for securing a cloud based application that handles sensitive customer data. To ensure that the data is protected from breaches, you have decided to implement encryption for both data-at-rest and data-in-transit. The development team suggests using SSL/TLS for securing data in transit.
However, you want to also implement a mechanism to detect if the data was tampered with during transmission. Which of the following should you propose?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 445
A municipal data center in Phoenix, Arizona, deploys a network intrusion detection system to monitor traffic entering its public records portal. During a scheduled red team exercise, authorized testers successfully exploit a vulnerable web service and gain restricted administrative access.
Post-exercise review reveals that the IDS generated a high-severity alert precisely at the time the exploit traffic reached the server. Log correlation confirms that the alert corresponded directly to the malicious activity performed during the test window.
How should this IDS outcome be classified?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The IDS correctly generated an alert in response to actual malicious activity generated during the authorized exploit attempt, and log correlation confirmed that the alert matched the real attack traffic. This represents a true positive, where the system accurately detects a genuine threat.
NEW QUESTION # 446
Steve, an attacker, created a fake profile on a social media website and sent a request to Stella.
Stella was enthralled by Steve's profile picture and the description given for his profile, and she initiated a conversation with him soon after accepting the request. After a few days, Steve started asking about her company details and eventually gathered all the essential information regarding her company. What is the social engineering technique Steve employed in the above scenario?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 447
At a major European airline headquartered in Madrid, Spain, senior security consultant Sofia Alvarez was conducting a final red-team assessment of the company's passenger loyalty portal. The platform required users to remain authenticated across multiple devices while managing bookings, boarding passes, and frequent-flyer accounts through persistent interactions.
During the exercise, Sofia identified that under certain transient network conditions involving delayed name resolution, the application briefly allowed communication to begin over an unencrypted channel before transitioning to a secure one. Although secure communication mechanisms were in place and authentication data remained protected during transmission, this short window allowed an attacker positioned along the path to intercept and manipulate the interaction without triggering browser warnings or certificate errors.
Following remediation, the development team deployed a policy that ensured client systems would only initiate and maintain secure connections for all future interactions, preventing fallback to an unprotected channel once secure communication was enforced.
How was this session hijacking risk most effectively eliminated?
Answer: D
Explanation:
HTTP Strict Transport Security instructs a browser to communicate with a specified website only through HTTPS. After learning the policy, the browser converts attempted HTTP access to HTTPS internally and refuses insecure fallback. This prevents an attacker positioned on the network from exploiting an initial plaintext HTTP request to perform SSL stripping, redirect the user, or manipulate the session before secure transport begins.
The decisive clue is the newly deployed policy that mandates secure connections for future interactions. RFC
6797 defines HSTS as a mechanism through which websites declare that user agents must interact with them only over secure connections. A suitable max-age value, appropriate subdomain coverage, and preloading where justified strengthen protection. Without preloading, the very first visit can remain a bootstrap risk until the browser has received the HSTS header securely.
Token Binding concerns binding authentication tokens to cryptographic key material, not preventing an HTTP-to-HTTPS downgrade. DNS over HTTPS protects DNS queries from ordinary network observation or manipulation but does not independently prohibit plaintext HTTP. IPsec can encrypt network-layer traffic in controlled deployments, but it is not the browser-enforced web policy described. HSTS is consequently the countermeasure that directly removes the unencrypted connection window and associated session-hijacking opportunity.
NEW QUESTION # 448
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