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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Dimensions of Care | - Acute Care
|
| Physician Activities | - Communication
|
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NEW QUESTION # 97
A 45-year-old woman presents with a 2-week history of a sore left breast. It has become red and swollen. She was previously well, and her menstrual cycles are regular. She has no history of breast cancer, and she has no children. On examination, she has a red, tender, indurated area in her left breast that has only partially responded to oral antibiotics after 10 days. Which one of the following is the most appropriate next step?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In a non-lactating woman with a partially responsive breast mass after antibiotics, inflammatory breast cancer must be ruled out. A breast biopsy (core or excisional) is indicated to assess for malignancy. Inflammatory breast cancer may mimic mastitis but does not improve with antibiotics.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Breast Disorders:
"In non-lactating women, persistent breast inflammation should raise suspicion for inflammatory breast cancer. If symptoms persist after antibiotic therapy, proceed with imaging and biopsy." MCCQE1 Objectives - Gynecology > Breast Disease:
"Candidates must differentiate between mastitis and inflammatory breast cancer and initiate appropriate investigations such as biopsy when response to antibiotics is incomplete." Options A, D, and E may be appropriate for a confirmed abscess or infectious cause, but further investigation is mandatory in this scenario. NSAIDs (C) are symptomatic but do not address the diagnostic concern.
NEW QUESTION # 98
A 31-year-old man presents with nocturnal non-exertional chest pain. During an exercise stress test, he does not experience chest pain, and there are no significant ST segment changes on the electrocardiogram. He achieves 17 metabolic equivalent of task (MET), a blood pressure of 190/96 mm Hg (resting blood pressure of
130/80 mm Hg), and a maximum heart rate of 162/min (85% of age-predicted maximum). Which one of the following is the most appropriate next step?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
This patient demonstrates excellent exercise tolerance (17 METs) and no ischemic changes or exertional symptoms, which makes cardiac ischemia unlikely. However, the hypertensive response to exercise (BP >190 systolic) indicates masked or latent hypertension. This should be managed proactively, typically starting with a thiazide.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Cardiology:
"An exaggerated hypertensive response during exercise is predictive of future hypertension. Treatment with antihypertensive agents such as thiazides may be warranted." MCCQE1 Objectives (Internal Medicine > 31-1: Hypertension and Risk Management):
"Candidates must identify abnormal BP responses to exercise and initiate appropriate treatment." Reassurance alone (A) ignores the hypertensive response. Catheterization (C) and beta-blockers (D) are unnecessary without ischemia. Advising against exercise (B) is counterproductive in a young, otherwise healthy patient.
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NEW QUESTION # 99
A 72-year-old woman presents with swelling of her right leg that developed overnight. She had an abdominal hysterectomy 10 days ago. On examination, there is pitting edema of the leg that extends from the foot to the groin. The calf is 3 cm larger in diameter than the calf on the left leg. Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: B
Explanation:
This patient has classic features of proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after recent major pelvic surgery:
acute unilateral leg swelling with pitting edema and a significant calf circumference difference ( > 3 cm). The edema extending from foot to groin strongly suggests a proximal (iliofemoral) thrombosis, which produces more extensive swelling than calf-vein DVT because venous outflow from the entire limb is impaired.
MCCQE objectives highlight postoperative patients as high risk for venous thromboembolism due to immobility, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.
Superficial thrombophlebitis typically causes a localized, tender, palpable cord along a superficial vein rather than diffuse whole-leg edema. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens is a severe, limb-threatening form of massive DVT characterized by marked pain, tense
NEW QUESTION # 100
A 55-year-old woman presents to the office with a 2-month history of right shoulder pain and limited function that started after she began an upper body weight training program. Examination shows tenderness inferior to the acromion. She has full passive range of motion of the shoulder but significant pain with abduction from
30° to 120° of arc. Which one of the following is the best next step?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The presentation is consistent with rotator cuff tendinopathy or subacromial impingement. The painful arc between 30°-120° with preserved passive ROM suggests this. Ultrasound is the preferred initial imaging modality due to its availability, safety, and ability to visualize soft tissues dynamically.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Orthopedics, "Shoulder Pathologies" Section:
"In rotator cuff injuries or impingement syndromes, initial imaging with musculoskeletal ultrasound is appropriate. It can identify tendinopathy, partial tears, or subacromial bursitis." MCCQE1 Objectives (Surgery > 84-7: Musculoskeletal Pain):
"Candidates should initiate workup for rotator cuff or impingement syndromes with ultrasound as the first- line test, reserving more invasive or costly procedures for unresolved or complex cases." CT (A) is used for bony detail, not soft tissues. Arthroscopy (C) is invasive and therapeutic. Arthrography (D) is outdated and largely replaced by MRI or ultrasound.
NEW QUESTION # 101
A 65-year-old man presents to your clinic with a 2-month history of persistent erectile dysfunction. He reports having difficulties maintaining an erection. His last hemoglobin A1c level result was 6.4% (4.8-6.0). He had a negative result on his cardiac stress test 1 month ago. He has been taking stable dosages of citalopram, metformin, and ramipril for the past 2 years. His physical examination findings are normal, and his mood appears euthymic. Which one of the following investigations should be ordered before initiating treatment with sildenafil?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Erectile dysfunction (ED) in older men is commonly vascular, medication-related, or associated with diabetes.
This patient has well-controlled diabetes (HbA1c 6.4%) and a recent negative cardiac stress test , suggesting he is at low cardiovascular risk for sexual activity. MCCQE objectives emphasize cardiovascular risk stratification prior to prescribing phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors. Patients who are stable and cleared for moderate physical exertion (e.g., recent negative stress test) do not require additional cardiac testing before initiating sildenafil.
There is no indication for routine CBC, urine culture, PSA, or echocardiography in the absence of relevant symptoms or findings. PSA screening is unrelated to ED management and should follow age-appropriate shared decision-making guidelines. Echocardiography is unnecessary without cardiac symptoms or abnormal exam.
The key contraindication to sildenafil is concurrent nitrate therapy or unstable cardiovascular disease, neither of which is present. Therefore, no additional investigations are required before initiating treatment.
Counseling should include discussion of medication interactions, side effects (e.g., headache, flushing), and avoidance with nitrates.
NEW QUESTION # 102
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