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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Security Assessment and Testing | 12% | - Conduct security control testing
|
| Identity and Access Management | 13% | - Manage identification and authentication
|
| Security and Risk Management | 15% | - Determine compliance requirements
|
| Security Architecture and Engineering | 13% | - Apply cryptography
|
| Software Development Security | 11% | - Understand software development lifecycle security
|
| Asset Security | 10% | - Provision resources securely
|
| Communication and Network Security | 13% | - Implement secure communication channels
|
| Security Operations | 13% | - Conduct logging and monitoring activities
|
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NEW QUESTION # 674
Which of the following is often the greatest challenge of distributed computing solutions?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer to this "security". It is a major factor in deciding if a centralized or decentralized environment is more appropriate.
Example: In a centralized computing environment, you have a central server and workstations (often "dumb terminals") access applications, data, and everything else from that central servers. Therefore, the vast majority of your security resides on a centrally managed server. In a decentralized (or distributed) environment, you have a collection of
PC's each with their own operating systems to maintain, their own software to maintain, local data storage requiring protection and backup. You may also have PDA's and "smart phones", data watches, USB devices of all types able to store data... the list gets longer all the time.
It is entirely possible to reach a reasonable and acceptable level of security in a distributed environment. But doing so is significantly more difficult, requiring more effort, more money, and more time.
The other answers are not correct because:
scalability - A distributed computing environment is almost infinitely scalable. Much more so than a centralized environment. This is therefore a bad answer.
heterogeneity - Having products and systems from multiple vendors in a distributed environment is significantly easier than in a centralized environment. This would not be a
"challenge of distributed computing solutions" and so is not a good answer.
usability - This is potentially a challenge in either environment, but whether or not this is a problem has very little to do with whether it is a centralized or distributed environment.
Therefore, this would not be a good answer.
Reference:
Official ISC2 Guide page: 313-314
All in One Third Edition page: (unavailable at this time)
NEW QUESTION # 675
John is the product manager for an information system. His product has undergone under security review by an IS auditor. John has decided to apply appropriate security controls to reduce the security risks suggested by an IS auditor. Which of the following technique is used by John to treat the identified risk provided by an IS auditor?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Risk mitigation is the practice of the elimination of, or the significant decrease in the level of risk presented.
For your exam you should know below information about risk assessment and treatment: A risk assessment, which is a tool for risk management, is a method of identifying vulnerabilities and threats and assessing the possible impacts to determine where to implement security controls. A risk assessment is carried out, and the results are analyzed. Risk analysis is used to ensure that security is cost-effective, relevant, timely, and responsive to threats. Security can be quite complex, even for well-versed security professionals, and it is easy to apply too much security, not enough security, or the wrong security controls, and to spend too much money in the process without attaining the necessary objectives. Risk analysis helps companies prioritize their risks and shows management the amount of resources that should be applied to protecting against those risks in a sensible manner.
A risk analysis has four main goals:
Identify assets and their value to the organization.
Identify vulnerabilities and threats.
Quantify the probability and business impact of these potential threats.
Provide an economic balance between the impact of the threat and the cost of the countermeasure. Treating Risk
Risk Mitigation Risk mitigation is the practice of the elimination of, or the significant decrease in the level of risk presented. Examples of risk mitigation can be seen in everyday life and are readily apparent in the information technology world. Risk Mitigation involves applying appropriate control to reduce risk. For example, to lessen the risk of exposing personal and financial information that is highly sensitive and confidential organizations put countermeasures in place, such as firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention systems, and other mechanisms, to deter malicious outsiders from accessing this highly sensitive information. In the underage driver example, risk mitigation could take the form of driver education for the youth or establishing a policy not allowing the young driver to use a cell phone while driving, or not letting youth of a certain age have more than one friend in the car as a passenger at any given time.
Risk Transfer Risk transfer is the practice of passing on the risk in question to another entity, such as an insurance company. Let us look at one of the examples that were presented above in a different way. The family is evaluating whether to permit an underage driver to use the family car. The family decides that it is important for the youth to be mobile, so it transfers the financial risk of a youth being in an accident to the insurance company, which provides the family with auto insurance. It is important to note that the transfer of risk may be accompanied by a cost. This is certainly true for the insurance example presented earlier, and can be seen in other insurance instances, such as liability insurance for a vendor or the insurance taken out by companies to protect against hardware and software theft or destruction. This may also be true if an organization must purchase and implement security controls in order to make their organization less desirable to attack. It is important to remember that not all risk can be transferred. While financial risk is simple to transfer through insurance, reputational risk may almost never be fully transferred.
Risk Avoidance Risk avoidance is the practice of coming up with alternatives so that the risk in question is not realized. For example, have you ever heard a friend, or parents of a friend, complain about the costs of insuring an underage driver? How about the risks that many of these children face as they become mobile? Some of these families will decide that the child in question will not be allowed to drive the family car, but will rather wait until he or she is of legal age (i.e., 18 years of age) before committing to owning, insuring, and driving a motor vehicle. In this case, the family has chosen to avoid the risks (and any associated benefits) associated with an underage driver, such as poor driving performance or the cost of insurance for the child. Although this choice may be available for some situations, it is not available for all. Imagine a global retailer who, knowing the risks associated with doing business on the Internet, decides to avoid the practice. This decision will likely cost the company a significant amount of its revenue (if, indeed, the company has products or services that consumers wish to purchase). In addition, the decision may require the company to build or lease a site in each of the locations, globally, for
which it wishes to continue business. This could have a catastrophic effect on the company's
ability to continue business operations
Risk Acceptance
In some cases, it may be prudent for an organization to simply accept the risk that is presented in
certain scenarios. Risk acceptance is the practice of accepting certain risk(s), typically based on a
business decision that may also weigh the cost versus the benefit of dealing with the risk in
another way.
For example, an executive may be confronted with risks identified during the course of a risk
assessment for their organization. These risks have been prioritized by high, medium, and low
impact to the organization. The executive notes that in order to mitigate or transfer the low-level
risks, significant costs could be involved. Mitigation might involve the hiring of additional highly
skilled personnel and the purchase of new hardware, software, and office equipment, while
transference of the risk to an insurance company would require premium payments. The
executive then further notes that minimal impact to the organization would occur if any of the
reported low-level threats were realized. Therefore, he or she (rightly) concludes that it is wiser for
the organization to forgo the costs and accept the risk. In the young driver example, risk
acceptance could be based on the observation that the youngster has demonstrated the
responsibility and maturity to warrant the parent's trust in his or her judgment.
The following answers are incorrect:
Risk Transfer - Risk transfer is the practice of passing on the risk in question to another entity,
such as an insurance company. Let us look at one of the examples that were presented above in a
different way.
Risk Avoidance - Risk avoidance is the practice of coming up with alternatives so that the risk in
question is not realized.
Risk Acceptance - Risk acceptance is the practice of accepting certain risk(s), typically based on a
business decision that may also weigh the cost versus the benefit of dealing with the risk in
another way.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA Review Manual 2014 Page number 51
Official ISC2 guide to CISSP CBK 3rd edition page number 383,384 and 385
NEW QUESTION # 676
What is the simple security property of which one of the following
models is described as:
A user has access to a client company's information, c, if and only if for all other information, o, that the user can read, either x(c) z (o) or x(c)
= x (o), where x(c) is the client's company and z (o) is the competitors of x(c).
Answer: B
Explanation:
This model, (D.c. Brewer and M.j. Nash, Chinese Wall Model,
Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE Computer Society Symposium on Security
and Privacy, 1989), defines rules that prevent conflicts of interest in organizations that may have access to information from companies that are competitors of each other. Essentially, the model states that a user working on one account cannot work on a competitor's account for a designated period of time. Answer the Biba model is an integrity model that is an analog of the Bell-LaPadula confidentiality
model of answer Bell-LaPadula.
Answer the lattice refers to the general
information flow model where security levels are represented by a
lattice structure. The model defines a transitive ordering relation, ,
on security classes. Thus, for security classes X, Y, and Z, the
ordering relation X Y Z describes the situation where Z is the
highest security class and X is the lowest security class, and there is an ordering among the three classes.
NEW QUESTION # 677
RADIUS incorporates which of the following services?
Answer: A
Explanation:
According to RFC 2865:
A Network Access Server (NAS) operates as a client of RADIUS. The client is responsible for passing user information to designated RADIUS servers, and then acting on the response which is returned.
RADIUS servers are responsible for receiving user connection requests, authenticating the user, and then returning all configuration information necessary for the client to deliver service to the user.
RADIUS authentication is based on provisions of simple username/password credentials.
These credentials are encrypted
by the client using a shared secret between the client and the RADIUS server. OIG 2007,
Page 513
RADIUS incorporates an authentication server and can make uses of both dynamic and static passwords.
Since it uses the PAP and CHAP protocols, it also incluses static passwords.
RADIUS is an Internet protocol. RADIUS carries authentication, authorization, and configuration information between a Network Access Server and a shared Authentication
Server. RADIUS features and functions are described primarily in the IETF (International
Engineering Task Force) document RFC2138
The term " RADIUS" is an acronym which stands for Remote Authentication Dial In User
Service.
The main advantage to using a RADIUS approach to authentication is that it can provide a stronger form of authentication. RADIUS is capable of using a strong, two-factor form of authentication, in which users need to possess both a user ID and a hardware or software token to gain access.
Token-based schemes use dynamic passwords. Every minute or so, the token generates a unique 4-, 6- or 8-digit access number that is synchronized with the security server. To gain entry into the system, the user must generate both this one-time number and provide his or her user ID and password.
Although protocols such as RADIUS cannot protect against theft of an authenticated session via some realtime attacks, such as wiretapping, using unique, unpredictable authentication requests can protect against a wide range of active attacks.
RADIUS: Key Features and Benefits
Features Benefits
RADIUS supports dynamic passwords and challenge/response passwords.
Improved system security due to the fact that passwords are not static.
It is much more difficult for a bogus host to spoof users into giving up their passwords or password-generation algorithms.
RADIUS allows the user to have a single user ID and password for all computers in a network.
Improved usability due to the fact that the user has to remember only one login combination.
RADIUS is able to:
Prevent RADIUS users from logging in via login (or ftp).
Require them to log in via login (or ftp)
Require them to login to a specific network access server (NAS);
Control access by time of day.
Provides very granular control over the types of logins allowed, on a per-user basis.
The time-out interval for failing over from an unresponsive primary RADIUS server to a backup RADIUS server is site-configurable.
RADIUS gives System Administrator more flexibility in managing which users can login from which hosts or devices.
Stratus Technology Product Brief
http://www.stratus.com/products/vos/openvos/radius.htm
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the
Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Pages 43, 44
Also check: MILLER, Lawrence & GREGORY, Peter, CISSP for Dummies, 2002, Wiley
Publishing, Inc., pages 45-46
NEW QUESTION # 678
What process determines who is trusted for a given purpose?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Authorization determines who is trusted for a given purpose. More precisely, it determines whether a particular principal, who has been authenticated as the source of a request to do something, is trusted for that operation. Authorization may also include controls on the time at which something can be done (e.g. only during working hours) or the computer terminal from which it can be requested (e.g. only the one on the system administrator desk).
NEW QUESTION # 679
......
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