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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Windows and Disk Forensics | - Windows artifacts and registry analysis - Disk imaging and analysis techniques |
| Topic 2: Computer Forensics Fundamentals | - File systems and data storage concepts - Evidence acquisition and preservation techniques |
| Topic 3: Network Forensics | - Network traffic analysis - Packet capture and log analysis |
| Topic 4: Introduction to Digital Forensics | - Types of digital evidence and forensic readiness - Fundamentals of digital forensics and investigation process |
| Topic 5: Malware and Incident Investigation | - Malware identification and analysis basics - Incident response procedures and reporting |
| Topic 6: Digital Evidence Handling and Legal Aspects | - Chain of custody and evidence integrity - Legal and ethical considerations in forensics |
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NEW QUESTION # 20
Which of the following file systems is developed by Apple to support Mac OS in its proprietary Macintosh system and replace the Macintosh File System (MFS)?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Apple's original Macintosh computers initially usedMFS (Macintosh File System), which had important limitations, including a relatively flat directory model and constraints that became problematic as storage sizes and file organization needs grew. To address these limitations, Apple introducedHFS (Hierarchical File System)-explicitly designed to replace MFS and provide a truehierarchical directory structure(folders within folders), improved metadata handling, and better scalability for the Macintosh platform. From a digital forensics perspective, this historical transition matters because examiners may encounter legacy Macintosh media or disk images where understanding the file system family helps interpret catalog structures, allocation behavior, and metadata artifacts.
The other options do not fit the "replace MFS" requirement.NTFSis Microsoft's Windows file system.APFS (Apple File System)is Apple's modern file system introduced much later (primarily for SSDs, with features like snapshots and strong encryption support) and it replaced HFS+ in newer macOS versions-not MFS.
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)is a UNIX/Linux directory layout standard, not a Macintosh disk file system. Therefore, the Apple-developed file system that replaced MFS isHierarchical File System (HFS), which corresponds toOption D.
NEW QUESTION # 21
Sandra, a hacker, targeted Johana, a software professional, to steal her banking details. She started sending frequent, random pop-up messages with malicious links to her social media page. Johana accidentally clicked on a link, causing a malicious program to get installed in her system. Subsequently, when Johana attempted to access her banking website, the URL redirected her to a malicious website controlled by Sandra. Johana entered her banking credentials on the fake website, which Sandra then captured.
Identify the type of attack performed by Sandra on Johana.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The scenario describes a victim beingredirected from a legitimate banking URL to a fraudulent websitewithout intending to visit it, after malware is installed on the system. This behavior is characteristic ofpharming, an attack in which an adversarycauses redirectionto a malicious destination even when the user types the correct address or clicks a legitimate bookmark. In digital forensics references, pharming is commonly achieved by manipulatingname resolution or routing mechanisms, such as altering the localhosts file, changingDNS server settings, poisoning DNS responses, modifying browser proxy settings, or installing malware that intercepts and rewrites web requests. The key forensic indicator is that the victim's request for the real domain is transparently diverted to attacker-controlled infrastructure, where credentials are harvested through a convincing spoofed login page.
The other options do not match the redirection-and-fake-site mechanism.Tailgatingis physical access abuse (following someone into a secure area).Dumpster divinginvolves retrieving sensitive information from discarded materials.Shoulder surfingis observing credentials by watching the victim type. Because the essential action here ismalicious redirection to a fake site to steal credentials, the correct answer isPharming (A).
NEW QUESTION # 22
A system that a cybercriminal was suspected to have used for performing an anti-social activity through the Tor browser. James reviewed the active network connections established using specific ports via Tor.
Which of the following port numbers does Tor use for establishing a connection via Tor nodes?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In Tor Browser deployments, Tor typically runs a local client ("tor" process) that exposes aSOCKS proxyfor applications (the browser) to send traffic into the Tor network and, optionally, acontrol interfacefor managing circuits and obtaining runtime status. In many forensic lab guides and Tor Browser bundle configurations, the default local SOCKS listening port is9150, and the associated Tor control port is commonly9151. This pairing is frequently referenced in investigations because endpoint triage (e.g., netstat outputs, firewall logs, EDR socket telemetry) may show local loopback connections from the browser to127.0.0.1:9150(SOCKS) and management communications involving9151(control).
From a network-forensics viewpoint, these ports help distinguish Tor Browser activity from other proxy tools:
the browser does not directly connect to Tor relays; instead, it hands traffic to the local SOCKS proxy, which then establishes encrypted circuits to Tor nodes. While Tor can be configured to use different ports, the question asks about the specific ports used for establishing Tor connections in typical Tor Browser setups, which aligns with9150/9151. Therefore, the correct option isD.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which of the following techniques is used to compute the hash value for a given binary code to uniquely identify malware or periodically verify changes made to the binary code during analysis?
Answer: C
Explanation:
File fingerprintingis the forensic technique of generating acryptographic hash(such as MD5, SHA-1, SHA-
256) for a file to create aunique, repeatable identifierfor that exact byte sequence. In malware forensics, analysts compute hashes to (1)uniquely identifya suspicious binary across cases and tools, (2) confirm whether two samples are identical or different variants, and (3)verify integrity over time-for example, ensuring the sample did not change during copying, extraction, sandbox handling, or during an analysis workflow that might inadvertently modify the file (e.g., patching, unpacking outputs, or tool-side normalization). Re-hashing at different stages provides a defensible way to demonstrate that the analyzed artifact is the same as the acquired artifact, supporting evidentiary integrity and chain-of-custody principles commonly emphasized in digital forensics documentation.
The other techniques do not primarily serve this purpose.Strings searchextracts readable text fragments but does not produce a unique integrity identifier.Local and online malware scanninguses signatures/reputation and may identify families, but it is not an integrity verification mechanism for the exact file bytes.Malware disassemblyhelps understand logic and instructions, not compute an identity hash. Therefore, the correct answer isFile fingerprinting (A).
NEW QUESTION # 24
Benoy, a security professional at an organization, extracted Apache access log entries to view critical information about all the operations performed on a web server. The Apache access log extracted by Benoy is given below:
"10.10.10.10 - Jason [17/Aug/2019:00:12:34 +0300] "GET /images/content/bg_body_1.jpg HTTP/1.0" 500
1458"
Identify the HTTP status code in the Apache access log entry above that indicates the response was successful.
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the Apache Combined/Custom access log format, the value immediately after the quoted request (here," GET ... HTTP/1.0") is theHTTP status codereturned by the server. In the provided entry, that field is500.
From a forensic analysis standpoint, recognizing field positions matters because investigators correlate client IPs, timestamps, requested resources, and server outcomes to reconstruct attack timelines and identify failed exploitation attempts or misconfigurations.
It is important to note thatsuccessful HTTP responses are typically in the 2xx range, most commonly200 (OK), while3xxindicates redirects,4xxindicates client-side errors (such as 404 Not Found), and5xxindicates server-side failures. Specifically,500represents anInternal Server Error, meaning the server encountered an unexpected condition and could not fulfill the request successfully.
The other options are not HTTP status codes in this entry:+0300is the timezone offset in the timestamp,1.0is the HTTP protocol version, and2019is part of the date. Therefore, the only HTTP status code present-and the correct choice among the options-is500 (B), even though it reflects an error rather than success.
NEW QUESTION # 25
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