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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Management interfaces and automation | - CLI fundamentals - Telemetry and automation concepts - YANG data models - NETCONF |
| Service delivery and operations | - High-Speed Internet (HSI) - Network monitoring and troubleshooting - Service provisioning - Voice, Internet and IPTV services |
| Fixed network architectures and broadband access | - FTTH and FTTx technologies - Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) - Optical Distribution Network (ODN) - Broadband network architecture - Passive Optical Networks (PON) |
| Nokia fixed access portfolio | - Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) - Home networking devices - Lightspan FX and MF Optical Line Terminals - FastMile FWA solutions |
| Software Defined Access Network (SDAN) | - Altiplano Access Controller - Network topology and service health - Subscriber and service management - Corteca platform |
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質問 # 19
A QoS policy examines a packet's markings and assigns it to a forwarding class. Which QoS function is being performed?
正解：B
解説：
Classification examines packet information and determines how the packet should be treated by the QoS system. The decision can use fields such as VLAN priority, Differentiated Services Code Point, protocol information, or interface context. After classification, the packet is assigned to an appropriate forwarding class and queue so that scheduling, congestion management, and other policies can provide the intended treatment. Shaping controls an outgoing rate by buffering excess traffic, while policing enforces a traffic profile by dropping or remarking nonconforming packets. Optical amplification increases optical signal power and is unrelated to packet classification. Effective classification is essential when a fixed-access network carries services with different requirements, such as voice, IPTV, management traffic, and best-effort Internet access.
質問 # 20
In a GPON system using Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation, which device determines when an ONT may transmit upstream traffic?
正解：A
解説：
The OLT controls upstream access to the shared GPON medium. Multiple ONTs use the same upstream wavelength, so uncoordinated transmissions could overlap and cause collisions. Through Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation, the OLT evaluates bandwidth requirements and assigns upstream transmission grants to the ONTs. These grants specify when an ONT can transmit and how much upstream capacity it may use. Traffic containers, or T-CONTs, help represent different upstream traffic and service requirements. The passive splitter cannot schedule traffic because it has no processing capability. The residential gateway handles subscriber-side functions, while an aggregation switch forwards Ethernet traffic beyond the access network. Centralized upstream scheduling enables efficient bandwidth sharing and helps the operator support different service priorities and performance commitments across subscribers.
質問 # 21
Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes traffic shaping from traffic policing?
正解：D
解説：
Traffic shaping regulates an outgoing traffic stream by buffering packets that temporarily exceed the configured rate and transmitting them later. This smooths bursts but can introduce additional latency because packets remain in a queue. Traffic policing checks traffic against configured rate limits without normally delaying nonconforming packets. Depending on the policy, packets exceeding the permitted profile can be dropped or marked with a lower priority. Both mechanisms are QoS tools and are independent of whether the physical access medium is fiber, copper, or wireless. They also do not control multicast membership or VLAN assignment. In a fixed-access network, shaping can help produce a smoother egress rate, while policing can enforce subscriber or service bandwidth limits at an ingress boundary.
質問 # 22
Which YANG node type represents multiple scalar values under the same node name without allowing child nodes?
正解：B
解説：
A YANG leaf-list represents a sequence of scalar values of the same defined type. Like a leaf, each value is terminal and cannot contain child nodes. However, unlike a single leaf, a leaf-list can have multiple entries. A YANG list also supports multiple instances, but each list entry can contain child nodes and is normally identified by one or more key leaves. A container groups related child nodes but does not itself represent a repeated collection of scalar values. A choice defines alternative branches in a data model, allowing one set of nodes from the available cases to be selected. Correctly distinguishing these node types is important when interpreting YANG schemas used to configure and monitor access devices through model-driven management interfaces.
質問 # 23
In an 802.1X-based subscriber authentication design, which role does the residential gateway normally perform?
正解：D
解説：
The residential gateway normally acts as the 802.1X supplicant. It supplies identity information and participates in the Extensible Authentication Protocol exchange required to obtain network access. The access device or OLT commonly performs the authenticator role, controlling the subscriber-facing port and relaying authentication information between the supplicant and the authentication server. The authentication server, frequently using RADIUS, validates the credentials and returns an authorization result or related policy attributes. The gateway is therefore not itself the RADIUS database or authentication server in this design. A multicast querier performs a separate function by sending IGMP queries to maintain multicast membership information. Before successful authentication, the authenticator generally restricts ordinary subscriber traffic while allowing the authentication exchange required to complete access control.
質問 # 24
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