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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| WLAN Regulations and Standards | 15% | - IEEE 802.11 standards and amendments
|
| WLAN Protocols and Devices | 20% | - 802.11 frame types and formats
|
| WLAN Network Architecture and Design Concepts | 15% | - WLAN deployment architectures
|
| WLAN Network Security | 15% | - Authentication and encryption
|
| WLAN Troubleshooting and Management | 15% | - Performance and connectivity issues
|
| Radio Frequency (RF) Technologies | 20% | - RF fundamentals and behavior
|
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NEW QUESTION # 169
What 802.11 network configuration would result in multiple stations broadcasting Beacon frames with the same BSSID but with different source addresses?
Answer: D
Explanation:
An IBSS is used instead of a BSS is a network configuration that would result in multiple stations broadcasting Beacon frames with the same BSSID but with different source addresses. An IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set) is a type of WLAN that does not use an AP but rather allows stations to communicate directly with each other in a peer-to-peer manner. An IBSS is also known as an ad-hoc network or a peer-to-peer network. In an IBSS, each station generates its own Beacon frames to announce its presence and capabilities to other stations within range. The Beacon frames have the same BSSID, which is randomly generated by one of the stations when creating the IBSS, but they have different source addresses, which are the MAC addresses of each station's radio interface. The BSSID is used to identify the IBSS and prevent stations from joining other IBSSs with different BSSIDs. References: , Chapter 1, page 25; , Section 1.1
NEW QUESTION # 170
In an 802.11 2.4 GHz system, what 22 MHz channels are considered non-overlapping?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In the 2.4 GHz frequency band used for 802.11 wireless networks, the channel bandwidth is typically 20 MHz, but the actual frequency spread of each channel is about 22 MHz due to the modulation techniques used. This spread causes overlap between adjacent channels, which can lead to interference and degrade network performance. To avoid this, it's essential to use non-overlapping channels.
The three non-overlapping channels in the 2.4 GHz band are 1, 6, and 11. Each of these channels is spaced sufficiently apart to avoid interference with each other:
* Channel 1: Centered at 2.412 GHz.
* Channel 6: Centered at 2.437 GHz.
* Channel 11: Centered at 2.462 GHz.
Given the options provided, option C (1 and 5) is the closest to a pair of non-overlapping channels, although in practice, channel 5 would still cause some interference with channel 1 due to the 22 MHz spread. The ideal choice for non-overlapping channels would be any two channels among 1, 6, and 11, but this is not an option provided. Therefore, within the given options, 1 and 5 are the best choice, understanding that in a real-world scenario, 1 and 6 or 6 and 11 would be preferred to avoid overlap.
References:
CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109, by David D.
Coleman and David A. Westcott.
Understanding 2.4 GHz channel arrangement and interference patterns in 802.11 wireless networks.
NEW QUESTION # 171
The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard requires VHT capable devices to be backward compatible with devices using which other 802.11 physical layer specifications (PHYs)?
Answer: D
Explanation:
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is the physical layer specification (PHY) that VHT capable devices must be backward compatible with according to the IEEE 802.11-2012 standard. VHT (Very High Throughput) is a PHY and MAC enhancement that is defined in the IEEE 802.11ac amendment and is also known as Wi-Fi 5. VHT operates only in the 5 GHz band and uses features such as wider channel bandwidths (up to 160 MHz), higher modulation schemes (up to 256-QAM), more spatial streams (up to eight), multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), beamforming, and VHT PHY and MAC enhancements. VHT can achieve data rates up to 6.9 Gbps.
According to the IEEE 802.11-2012 standard, VHT capable devices must be backward compatible with devices using OFDM PHY, which is defined in the IEEE 802.11a amendment and is also used by IEEE 802.11 g, IEEE 802.11n, and IEEE 802.11h amendments. OFDM operates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands and uses features such as subcarriers, symbols, guard intervals, and OFDM PHY and MAC enhancements. OFDM can achieve data rates up to 54 Mbps.
Backward compatibility means that VHT capable devices can interoperate with OFDM devices on the same network by using common features and parameters that are supported by both PHYs. For example, VHT capable devices can use a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz, a modulation scheme of BPSK, QPSK, or 16-QAM, one spatial stream, no beamforming, and OFDM PHY and MAC headers when communicating with OFDM devices. Backward compatibility also means that VHT capable devices can fall back to OFDM mode when the signal quality or SNR is too low for VHT mode. References: 1, Chapter 3, page 123; 2, Section 3.2
NEW QUESTION # 172
Which one of the following channels can be used for VHT transmissions according to the 802.11 specification?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The channel that can be used for VHT transmissions according to the 802.11 specification is channel 144.
VHT stands for Very High Throughput and is the PHY layer specification for 802.11ac devices. VHT transmissions can use channel bandwidths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or 160 MHz in the 5 GHz band.
Channel 144 is one of the channels in the 5 GHz band that can support VHT transmissions with any of these bandwidths. Channel 6, channel 1, and channel 11 are channels in the 2.4 GHz band that cannot support VHT transmissions, as they are only compatible with legacy (802.11b/g/n), HT (802.11n), or ERP (802.11g) transmissions with up to 20 MHz bandwidth. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 214; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 204.
NEW QUESTION # 173
What feature of 802.1 lax (HE) may impact design decisions related to AP placement and the spacing between same-channel BSS cells (3SAs) because it is designed to reduce overlapping BSS contention?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In the 802.11ax (High Efficiency, HE) amendment, one of the key features introduced is BSS (Basic Service Set) Coloring. This feature is designed to mitigate issues arising from overlapping BSSs (OBSS), which can lead to contention and interference in dense wireless environments. BSS Coloring works by:
* Assigning a "color" (a small number) to each BSS: This helps devices differentiate between frames from their own BSS and those from neighboring BSSs.
* Reducing Inter-BSS Interference: Devices can ignore frames from different BSSs (with a different
"color") under certain conditions, reducing the impact of OBSS interference.
* Improving Spatial Reuse: By distinguishing between transmissions from different BSSs, devices can make more informed decisions about when to transmit, improving the efficiency of spatial reuse and reducing unnecessary contention.
This feature directly impacts design decisions related to AP placement and the spacing between same-channel BSS cells, as it allows for closer placement of APs on the same channel without significantly increasing interference, thus improving overall network capacity and efficiency.
The other options, while features of 802.11ax, do not directly pertain to reducing overlapping BSS contention in the same manner:
* TWT (Target Wake Time)optimizes device sleep schedules to conserve power.
* Uplink MU-MIMOenhances uplink data transmission capabilities but doesn't specifically address
* OBSS contention.
* 6 GHz Band Supportintroduces new spectrum for Wi-Fi use but is not a feature aimed at reducing OBSS contention within the 802.11ax framework.
Therefore, the correct answer is B, BSS Color.
References:
* IEEE 802.11ax-2021: Enhancements for High Efficiency WLAN.
* CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109, by David D: Coleman and David A. Westcott.
NEW QUESTION # 174
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