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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Organizational Structure and Culture | - Organizational communication - Organizational structure types - Organizational design principles - Organizational culture dimensions - Organizational change and development |
| Individual Behavior and Personality | - Motivation theories (Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom) - Attitudes and job satisfaction - Perception and attribution - Individual decision-making - Personality traits and theories |
| Leadership Theories | - Behavioral approaches - Trait approaches to leadership - Contemporary leadership perspectives - Contingency theories - Transformational vs transactional leadership |
| Group Behavior and Dynamics | - Team building and teamwork - Group structure and roles - Group development stages - Conflict and negotiation - Power and political behavior |
>> Organizational-Behavior認證 <<
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問題 #37
What is a positive effect of a cohesive group?
答案：B
解題說明：
Cohesiveness is generally viewed as a desirable trait in organizational groups because of its potential to improve group productivity. In a highly cohesive group, members are more likely to communicate effectively, experience less internal friction, and display higher levels of commitment to group goals. This internal synergy typically leads to a more efficient work process and higher quality output.
However, the relationship between cohesiveness and productivity is moderated byperformance-related norms. If a cohesive group has high performance norms (standards for hard work and quality), productivity will be significantly higher than in a group with low cohesiveness. Conversely, if a highly cohesive group has low performance norms, their productivity may actually decrease because they are united in their desire to work less. Despite this nuance, the fundamental positive organizational outcome associated with fostering cohesion is the enhancement of the group's ability to produce results.
問題 #38
How can an organization transmit its culture to its employees?
答案：B
解題說明：
Culture is transmitted to employees in several ways, most notably through stories, rituals, material symbols, and language.Ritualsare repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the key values of the organization-what goals are most important, which people are important, and which are expendable. For example, a company might hold an annual awards ceremony that celebrates "risk-taking," thereby reinforcing a culture of innovation more effectively than a written document could.
These ritualistic activities serve as a physical manifestation of the organization's underlying values. While mission statements (Option A) provide a formal overview, they often fail to capture the "lived experience" of the culture. Similarly, while the selection process influences who enters the organization, the transmission of culture happens after hiring through consistent, repeated social practices. By engaging in these rituals, employees internalize the organization's norms and expectations, transforming them from "outsiders" to
"insiders" who understand the shared organizational meaning.
問題 #39
Which team type takes on many responsibilities of their former supervisors?
答案：B
解題說明：
ASelf-managed work teamis a group of employees (typically 10 to 15) who perform highly related or interdependent jobs and take on many of the responsibilities of their former supervisors. In a traditional work structure, a supervisor would handle tasks such as planning and scheduling work, assigning tasks to members, making operating decisions, and taking action on problems. In a self-managed environment, the team collectively takes over these managerial duties.
These teams may even select their own members and evaluate each other's performance. The goal of organizing into self-managed teams is to increase employee involvement and empowerment, theoretically leading to higher job satisfaction and productivity through synergy and collective control. Unlike "problem- solving teams," which only make recommendations, self-managed teams have the authority to implement solutions and take full responsibility for outcomes. While this can be highly effective, the success of self- managed teams depends heavily on the organizational culture and the level of training provided to employees.
If members are not prepared for the interpersonal demands of self-management-such as resolving internal conflicts or managing the pace of work-the team can struggle. However, when properly implemented, self- managed teams represent the highest level of team autonomy in organizational design.
問題 #40
What is an aspect of cross-functional teams that makes them difficult to manage?
答案：D
解題說明：
Cross-functional teams are composed of employees from about the same hierarchical level but from different work areas-such as marketing, finance, and production-who come together to accomplish a task. While these teams are highly effective for coordinating complex projects and solving problems that require diverse perspectives, they are notoriously difficult to manage in the early stages.
The primary challenge is thatit takes time to build trust and teamworkamong people with different backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives. Each member comes from a different functional "culture" with its own jargon, priorities, and ways of looking at a problem. For example, a member from the engineering department might prioritize technical perfection, while a member from the marketing department might prioritize speed to market. These differing perspectives can lead to conflict and misunderstandings during the initial stages of group development. Furthermore, because members have primary loyalties to their home departments, creating a sense of "team identity" takes significant effort from the leader. Leaders of cross- functional teams must spend considerable time facilitating communication, resolving interpersonal conflicts, and aligning the various functional goals into a single project vision. Until a baseline of mutual trust is established, the team may struggle with "silo" thinking, where members protect their own department's interests rather than working toward the team's collective goal. Only after the team moves through the
"storming" phase of development and builds trust can it begin to leverage its diverse skills for high performance.
問題 #41
What is true about the relationship between performance evaluation and motivation?
答案：A
解題說明：
The link between performance evaluation and motivation is best explained throughExpectancy Theory.
According to this theory, an individual's motivation to exert effort depends on three relationships: Effort- Performance, Performance-Reward, and Rewards-Personal Goals. For an employee to be motivated, they must have confidence that the effort they exert will lead to a favorable performance evaluation(the Effort-Performance relationship).
Image of Vroom's Expectancy Theory
If an employee believes that no matter how hard they work, the evaluation process is biased, based on luck, or uses unclear criteria (like personality traits rather than measurable behaviors), their motivation will suffer.
Furthermore, the employee must believe that a good evaluation will lead to organizational rewards (such as a bonus or promotion) and that those rewards will satisfy their personal goals. If any of these links are weak- for instance, if the evaluation process is perceived as unfair-the entire motivational chain is broken.
Therefore, the perceptual process is central to this relationship; it is not the objective reality of the evaluation that motivates, but the employee's perception of its fairness and accuracy.
問題 #42
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