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質問 # 75
What is defined as an internal computerized table of access rules regarding the levels of computer access permitted to login IDs and computer terminals?
正解：A
解説：
An Access Control List (ACL) is a structured, system-maintained list of authorization rules that specifies who or what is allowed to access a resource and what actions are permitted. In many operating systems, network devices, and applications, an ACL functions as an internal table that maps identities such as user IDs, group IDs, service accounts, or even device/terminal identifiers to permissions like read, write, execute, modify, delete, or administer. When a subject attempts to access an object, the system consults the ACL to determine whether the requested operation should be allowed or denied, enforcing the organization's security policy at runtime.
The description in the question matches the classic definition of an ACL as a computerized table of access rules tied to login IDs and sometimes the originating endpoint or terminal context. ACLs are central to implementing discretionary access control and are also widely used in networking (for example, permitting or denying traffic flows based on source/destination and ports) and file systems (controlling access to folders and files).
An Access Control Entry (ACE) is only a single line item within an ACL (one rule for one subject). A "Relational Access Database" is not a standard security control term for authorization tables. A "Directory Management System" manages identities and groups, but it is not the same as the enforcement list attached to a specific resource. Therefore, the correct answer is Access Control List.
質問 # 76
What is risk mitigation?
正解：A
解説：
Risk mitigation is the risk treatment approach focused on reducing risk to an acceptable level by lowering either the likelihood of a risk event, the impact of that event, or both. In cybersecurity risk management, mitigation is accomplished by implementing controls and countermeasures such as technical safeguards, process changes, and administrative measures. Examples include patching vulnerable systems, hardening configurations, enabling multi-factor authentication, applying least privilege, network segmentation, encryption, improved logging and monitoring, secure development practices, and user awareness training. Each of these actions reduces exposure or limits damage if an incident occurs.
The other options describe different risk treatment strategies, not mitigation. Purchasing insurance is generally considered risk transfer, where financial impact is shifted to a third party, but the underlying threat and vulnerability may still exist. Eliminating risk by stopping the risky activity is risk avoidance; it removes the exposure by discontinuing the process, system, or behavior causing the risk. Documenting the risk and preparing a recovery plan aligns more closely with risk acceptance combined with contingency planning or resilience planning; it acknowledges the risk and focuses on recovery rather than reducing the probability of occurrence.
Therefore, the correct definition of risk mitigation is reducing the risk through implementing one or more countermeasures.
質問 # 77
If a threat is expected to have a serious adverse effect, according to NIST SP 800-30 it would be rated with a severity level of:
正解：D
解説：
NIST SP 800-30 Rev. 1 defines qualitative risk severity levels using consistent impact language. In its assessment scale, "Moderate" is explicitly tied to events that can be expected to have a serious adverse effect on organizational operations, organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, or the Nation.
A "serious adverse effect" is described as outcomes such as a significant degradation in mission capability where the organization can still perform its primary functions but with significantly reduced effectiveness, significant damage to organizational assets, significant financial loss, or significant harm to individuals that does not involve loss of life or life-threatening injuries. This phrasing is used to distinguish "Moderate" from "Low" (limited adverse effect) and from "High" (severe or catastrophic adverse effect).
This classification matters in enterprise risk because it drives prioritization and control selection. A "Moderate" rating typically triggers stronger treatment actions than "Low," such as tighter access controls, enhanced monitoring, more frequent vulnerability remediation, stronger configuration management, and improved incident response readiness. It also helps leaders compare risks consistently across systems and business processes by anchoring severity to clear operational and harm-based criteria rather than subjective judgment.
質問 # 78
A significant benefit of role-based access is that it:
正解：A
解説：
Role-based access control assigns permissions to defined roles that reflect job functions, and users receive access by being placed into the appropriate role. The major operational and security benefit is that it simplifies and standardizes access provisioning. Instead of granting permissions individually to each user, administrators manage a smaller, controlled set of roles such as Accounts Payable Clerk, HR Specialist, or Application Administrator. When a new employee joins or changes responsibilities, access can be adjusted quickly and consistently by changing role membership. This reduces manual errors, limits over-provisioning, and helps enforce least privilege because each role is designed to include only the permissions required for that function.
RBAC also improves governance by making access decisions more repeatable and policy-driven. Security and compliance teams can review roles, validate that each role's permissions match business needs, and require approvals for changes to role definitions. This approach supports segregation of duties by separating conflicting capabilities into different roles, which lowers fraud and misuse risk.
Option B is a real advantage of RBAC, but it is typically a secondary outcome of having structured roles rather than the primary "significant benefit" emphasized in access-control design. Option C relates to identity lifecycle processes such as deprovisioning, which can be integrated with RBAC but is not guaranteed by RBAC alone. Option D describes distributing tasks among multiple users, which is more aligned with segregation of duties design, not the core benefit of RBAC.
質問 # 79
The hash function supports data in transit by ensuring:
正解：B
解説：
A cryptographic hash function supports data in transit primarily by providing integrity assurance. When a sender computes a hash (digest) of a message and the receiver recomputes the hash after receipt, the two digests should match if the message arrived unchanged. If the message is altered in any way while traveling across the network-whether by an attacker, a faulty intermediary device, or transmission errors-the recomputed digest will differ from the original. This difference is the key signal that the message was modified in transit, which is what option B expresses. In practical secure-transport designs, hashes are typically combined with a secret key or digital signature so an attacker cannot simply modify the message and generate a new valid digest. Examples include HMAC for message authentication and digital signatures that hash the content and then sign the hash with a private key. These mechanisms provide integrity and, when keyed or signed, also provide authentication and non-repudiation properties.
Option A is more specifically about authentication of origin, which requires a keyed construction such as HMAC or a signature scheme; a plain hash alone cannot prove who sent the message. Option C is incorrect because keys are not "converted" from public to private. Option D relates to confidentiality, which is provided by encryption, not hashing. Therefore, the best answer is B because hashing enables detection of message modification during transit.
質問 # 80
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