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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: The Linux Operating System | 20% | - File Systems and Hierarchy Standard - Processes and Services - System Architecture - Hardware and Drivers |
| Topic 2: Finding Your Way on a Linux System | 20% | - Creating, Moving and Deleting Files - Command Line Basics - Using Directories and Listing Files |
| Topic 3: The Power of the Command Line | 25% | - Text Processing - Basic Shell Scripting - Archiving and Compression - I/O Redirection and Pipelines |
| Topic 4: The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source | 15% | - Linux History and Philosophy - Open Source Software and Licensing - Linux Distributions - Applications and Support |
| Topic 5: Security and File Permissions | 20% | - Basic Security Concepts - File Permissions and Ownership - User and Group Management |
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問題 #46
What can be found in the /proc/ directory?
答案：B
解題說明：
The /proc/ directory is a virtual file system that contains information about the system and the processes running on it. It is not a conventional file system that stores files on a disk, but rather a dynamic view of the kernel's data structures. One of the features of the /proc/ directory is that it contains one subdirectory for each process running on the system, which is named after the process ID (PID). For example, the subdirectory /proc/1/ contains information about the process with PID 1, which is usually the init process. The process subdirectories contain various files that provide information about the process, such as its status, memory usage, open files, environment variables, command line arguments, and more. The /proc/ directory also contains a symbolic link called 'self', which points to the process that is accessing the /proc/ file system. Therefore, the correct answer is D. One directory per running process.
The other options are incorrect because:
A . One directory per installed program. This is not true, as the /proc/ directory does not contain information about installed programs, but only about running processes. Installed programs are usually stored in other directories, such as /bin/, /usr/bin/, /opt/, etc.
B . One device file per hardware device. This is not true, as the /proc/ directory does not contain device files, but only virtual files that represent kernel data. Device files are usually stored in the /dev/ directory, which is another special file system that provides access to hardware devices.
C . One file per existing user account. This is not true, as the /proc/ directory does not contain information about user accounts, but only about processes. User accounts are usually stored in the /etc/ directory, which contains configuration files, such as /etc/passwd/ and /etc/shadow/, that define the users and their passwords.
E . One log file per running service. This is not true, as the /proc/ directory does not contain log files, but only information files. Log files are usually stored in the /var/log/ directory, which contains various files that record the activities of the system and the services.
Reference:
The /proc Filesystem - The Linux Kernel documentation
A Beginner's Guide to the /proc File System in Linux - Tecmint
Appendix E. The proc File System Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 | Red Hat ...
Chapter 5. The proc File System Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 | Red Hat ...
proc file system in Linux - GeeksforGeeks
問題 #47
Which command is used to schedule a one-time task to run at a specified future time?
答案：C
問題 #48
What is true about the owner of a file?
答案：B
解題說明：
Explanation
In Linux, every file and directory is associated with an owner and a group. The owner is the user who created the file or directory, and the group is the group to which the owner belongs. Therefore, each file is owned by exactly one user and one group. This is true for option A. The other options are false for the following reasons:
* Option B: The owner of a file does not always have full permissions when accessing the file. The permissions are determined by the file mode, which can be changed by the owner or the root user. The file mode specifies the read, write, and execute permissions for the owner, the group, and others. The owner can have different permissions than the group or others.
* Option C: The user owning a file does not have to be a member of the file's group. The owner can change the group ownership of the file to any group on the system, regardless of whether the owner belongs to that group or not. However, only the root user or a user with the CAP_CHOWN capability can change the group ownership to a group that the owner is not a member of.
* Option D: When a user is deleted, all files owned by the user do not disappear. The files remain on the system, but their owner is changed to an invalid user ID (UID). The files can still be accessed by the group or others, depending on the permissions. The files can also be reclaimed by the root user or a user with the CAP_CHOWN capability, who can change the owner to a valid user.
* Option E: The owner of a file can be changed once it is assigned to an owner. The owner can transfer the ownership to another user, or the root user or a user with the CAP_CHOWN capability can change the owner to any user on the system. The command to change the owner of a file is chown. References: 1: Chown Command in Linux (File Ownership) | Linuxize 2 3: Linux File Permissions and Ownership Explained with Examples 4 2: 3 Ways to Find File Owner in Linux - howtouselinux 1
問題 #49
When typing a long command line at the shell, whatsingle charactercan be used to split a command across multiple lines?
答案：
解題說明：
Explanation
The backslash character () is used to escape the meaning of the next character in a command line. This means that the next character is treated as a literal character, not as a special character. For example, if you want to use a space in a file name, you can use a backslash before the space to prevent the shell from interpreting it as a separator. Similarly, if you want to split a long command line across multiple lines, you can use a backslash at the end of each line to tell the shell that the command is not finished yet. The shell will ignore the newline character and continue reading the next line as part of the same command.
For example, you can write:
ls -l/home/user/Documents
instead of:
ls -l /home/user/Documents
Both commands will produce the same output, but the first one is easier to read and type. References:
* Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI), section 2.1.2
* 2.1 Command Line Basics - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs, slide 7.
問題 #50
Which of the following devices represents a hard disk partition?
答案：B
解題說明：
Section: (none)
The correct device name that represents a hard disk partition is /dev/sda2. This device name follows the Linux convention for naming hard disk devices and partitions. According to this convention123:
The first part of the device name indicates the type of the device. For example, /dev/hd* for IDE drives, /dev/sd* for SCSI, SATA, USB, or eSATA drives, /dev/nvme* for NVMe drives, etc.
The second part of the device name indicates the order of the device as detected by the system. For example, /dev/sda is the first serial drive, /dev/sdb is the second serial drive, and so on.
The third part of the device name indicates the number of the partition on the device. For example, /dev/sda1 is the first partition on the first serial drive, /dev/sda2 is the second partition on the first serial drive, and so on.
Therefore, /dev/sda2 means the second partition on the first serial drive, which is a valid hard disk partition. The other options are not valid hard disk partitions, because they do not follow the Linux convention. For example:
/dev/ttyS0 is a serial port device, not a hard disk device4.
/dev/sata0 is not a valid device name, because it does not specify the partition number. It should be something like /dev/sata0p1 or /dev/sata0p2, etc.
/dev/part0 is not a valid device name, because it does not specify the device type or the partition number. It should be something like /dev/sdXp0 or /dev/hdXp0, etc.
/dev/sda/p2 is not a valid device name, because it uses a slash (/) instead of a number to indicate the partition. It should be something like /dev/sda2 or /dev/sda3, etc.
問題 #51
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