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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Asymmetric Cryptography | - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - RSA Algorithm - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) |
| Applied Cryptography | - Cryptographic Best Practices - VPN Security - PGP and Email Encryption - SSL/TLS Protocols |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - Cryptographic Terminology - History and Evolution of Cryptography |
| Symmetric Cryptography | - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Stream Ciphers - Key Management |
| Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Social Engineering Prevention - Common Attack Vectors - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks |
| Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) - Digital Signature Standards - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) |
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NEW QUESTION # 53
(How often are transactions added to a blockchain?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
For Bitcoin, transactions are confirmed by inclusion in blocks, and the network targets an average block interval of about 10 minutes. That means transactions are "added" to the Bitcoin blockchain approximately every 10 minutes in the sense that a new block containing a batch of transactions is appended at that cadence. The 10-minute target is achieved by a difficulty adjustment mechanism that recalibrates mining difficulty roughly every 2016 blocks, aiming to keep the average interval stable despite changes in total network hash power. It is important to note that this is an average: blocks can be found faster or slower in the short term due to the probabilistic nature of proof-of-work mining.
Other blockchains have different block times (seconds to minutes), but the question's options and typical curriculum context align with Bitcoin's 10-minute design. Therefore, the correct choice is approximately every 10 minutes.
NEW QUESTION # 54
(Which encryption mode is known for supporting parallel processing?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
ECB (Electronic Codebook) mode encrypts each block independently with the same key, which makes it naturally amenable to parallel processing: multiple blocks can be encrypted or decrypted simultaneously because there is no chaining dependency between blocks. This is in contrast to CBC encryption, where each plaintext block is XORed with the previous ciphertext block, creating a dependency that prevents straightforward parallelization of encryption (though CBC decryption can be parallelized because ciphertext blocks are already known). Feedback modes like CFB and OFB generate keystream material sequentially, where each step depends on the previous state, limiting parallelism. While ECB's parallelism is an implementation advantage, it is widely discouraged for most real data because it leaks patterns-identical plaintext blocks produce identical ciphertext blocks. Modern systems prefer parallel-friendly and secure modes such as CTR or GCM, but among the listed options, the mode most known for parallel processing is ECB due to block independence. Therefore, the correct answer is Electronic Codebook (ECB).
NEW QUESTION # 55
(Why should an asymmetric private key be used to encrypt the digest of an application?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Digital signing of software typically works by hashing the application (or its manifest) and then using the publisher's private key to create a digital signature over that digest. The private key is used because it is secret and uniquely controlled by the publisher; only the publisher should be able to produce a valid signature. Verifiers (customers) use the publisher's public key to validate the signature and confirm that the digest matches the software they received. This yields two key properties: integrity (the software hasn't been altered; any modification changes the digest and breaks verification) and authenticity (the signature proves it came from the private-key holder). Option A incorrectly describes symmetric stream encryption. Option C incorrectly generalizes private-key behavior as "block encryption." Option D is wrong because verification uses the public key, not a private key; also,
"encrypting with private key" in this context is better understood as signing, not confidentiality encryption. Therefore, the correct rationale is that the asymmetric private key is used to sign the file's digest so the corresponding public key can verify integrity and authenticity.
NEW QUESTION # 56
(Which feature is characteristic of asymmetric encryption?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
Asymmetric encryption is defined by using a key pair: a public key that can be shared widely and a private key that remains secret to its owner. The keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with one key can be decrypted with the other (in confidentiality use cases, encryption with the recipient's public key and decryption with the recipient's private key). This design solves key distribution challenges: anyone can encrypt to a recipient without first sharing a secret key securely. It also enables digital signatures, where the private key signs and the public key verifies-supporting authenticity and integrity. Option B describes symmetric cryptography, not asymmetric. Option C is not a defining property; both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms can involve rounds or repeated operations. Option D is incorrect because asymmetric encryption is reversible for the intended holder of the private key; "irreversible" describes hashing, not encryption. Therefore, the characteristic feature of asymmetric encryption is the use of both a public and private key.
NEW QUESTION # 57
(What type of encryption uses different keys to encrypt and decrypt the message?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Asymmetric encryption (also called public key cryptography) uses a pair of mathematically related keys: a public key and a private key. One key is used to encrypt, and the other is used to decrypt, which is the defining "different keys" property asked in the question. In the common confidentiality use case, a sender encrypts a message using the recipient's public key, and only the recipient can decrypt it using their private key. This solves the key distribution problem inherent in symmetric encryption, where both parties must securely share the same secret key in advance. Asymmetric systems also enable digital signatures: the private key signs (creates a signature) and the public key verifies it, providing authenticity and integrity. Symmetric encryption, by contrast, uses the same shared key for both encryption and decryption (even though internal round keys may exist, it is still one shared secret).
"Private key" alone is not a full encryption type, and "secure" is a generic description rather than a cryptographic category. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Asymmetric.
NEW QUESTION # 58
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