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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Layer 2 Switching and VLANs | 15-20% | - VLAN concepts, configuration, trunking and tagging - Link Aggregation Groups (LAG) and Virtual Chassis - Spanning Tree Protocol (STP, RSTP, MSTP) operation and configuration |
| OSPF | 15-20% | - Neighbor formation, area design and LSA types - Route summarization and redistribution - Configuration, verification and troubleshooting |
| Tunnels and Overlays | 5-10% | - GRE, IP-IP and dynamic tunnel configuration - Overlay network design and connectivity - Tunnel types, encapsulation and operation |
| IP Multicast | 5-10% | - Multicast routing monitoring and troubleshooting - PIM Dense Mode, Sparse Mode and RP mechanisms - IGMP operation and configuration |
| IS-IS | 10-15% | - Scalable enterprise deployment and troubleshooting - Adjacency establishment, levels and metrics - Configuration and route exchange |
| BGP | 15-20% | - Route advertisement, attributes and path selection - Routing policies, filtering and common troubleshooting - Neighbor relationships and session establishment |
| High Availability and Resiliency | 5-10% | - Network resiliency design and troubleshooting - Redundancy protocols and failover mechanisms - Graceful restart and non-stop routing |
| Protocol Independent Routing | 10-15% | - Basic routing policy and filter operation - Routing tables, static routes and route preference - Routing instances and route selection criteria |
| Layer 2 Security | 10-15% | - DHCP snooping, Dynamic ARP Inspection and IP Source Guard - Port security, MAC limiting and storm control - Layer 2 firewall filters and security features |
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質問 # 180
Click the Exhibit button. Devices on VLAN 5 and VLAN 7 need to communicate with each other.
Referring to the exhibit, what will satisfy this requirement?
正解：B
解説：
VLAN 5 and VLAN 7 are two entirely separate Layer 2 broadcast domains, each with its own distinct IP subnet, and devices in one VLAN can never reach devices in the other through switching alone -- Layer 3 routing between the two subnets is mandatory for any inter-VLAN communication to occur, regardless of how the VLANs are configured at Layer 2. On a single EX Series switch, the correct and standard mechanism for enabling this routing without an external router is to create one integrated routing and bridging (IRB) logical interface for each VLAN, assign each IRB the appropriate gateway IP address for its respective subnet (192.168.5.1 for VLAN 5's irb.5 and 192.168.7.1 for VLAN 7's irb.7, for example), and ensure routing is active on the switch so that traffic arriving at one IRB's gateway address destined for the other VLAN's subnet is routed internally between the two IRB interfaces. Attempting to bind a single family inet interface with two distinct subnet addresses via secondary addressing conflates two separate broadcast domains onto one Layer 3 interface incorrectly and is not how VLAN routing is architected in Junos. Spanning tree exists purely to prevent Layer 2 loops and has no routing function whatsoever, so configuring it cannot enable inter-VLAN reachability. Placing both VLANs on a single trunk with Multiple VLAN Registration Protocol (MVRP) only automates VLAN membership propagation across trunk links; it does not provide any Layer 3 routing capability between the VLANs either.
質問 # 181
Your router receives two BGP routes for the same prefix. One route is learned from an IBGP neighbor, and the other route is learned from an EBGP neighbor. By default, which route will be selected as active in this scenario?
正解：A
解説：
Once the two candidate routes have equal route preference and equal local preference (both defaulting to 100 unless modified by policy), the Junos BGP algorithm proceeds to its third decision step, which compares the length of each candidate's AS path attribute and selects whichever path carries the shortest AS path, since a shorter path is interpreted as traversing fewer autonomous system hops to reach the origin. This step occurs well before the algorithm ever reaches the specific EBGP-over-IBGP preference rule, which is only evaluated later, after local preference, AS path length, origin type, and MED have all already been compared and found equal between the candidates; because an IBGP-learned copy of a route typically retains the identical AS path that was originally received from the external AS (IBGP does not prepend the local AS number the way crossing an AS boundary does), it is entirely possible, and often the deciding scenario, for AS path length to differ between competing paths well before the algorithm would ever need to fall back on the IBGP- versus-EBGP tiebreak. Selecting a route purely because it was 'learned through IBGP' is not a rule that exists anywhere in the algorithm and would in fact typically be the opposite of Junos's later EBGP-preference tiebreak. Neither next- hop IP address value nor router ID value is compared with a 'highest wins' rule at any point in the standard path selection sequence -- where router ID is used at all, Junos prefers the lowest value, not the highest, making both of those distractors doubly incorrect.
質問 # 182
You need to block SSH (TCP port 22) traffic from the 192.168.10.0/24 network.
Which firewall filter term is correct in this scenario?
正解：C
質問 # 183
Referring to the exhibit, which policy will export routes to IBGP peers?
正解：B
質問 # 184
How does BGP prevent routing loops between internal peers?
正解：B
解説：
BGP employs two distinct loop-prevention mechanisms depending on whether peers are external or internal to the same autonomous system. Between external peers (EBGP), loop prevention relies on the AS path attribute: every time a route crosses an AS boundary, the local AS number is prepended to the path, and a router rejects any incoming route whose AS path already contains its own AS number, since that would indicate the route has looped back around.
Between internal peers (IBGP) within the same AS, however, the AS path attribute never changes, because IBGP does not add AS numbers as routes are readvertised internally -- meaning AS path alone cannot detect an internal loop. Instead, IBGP enforces a strict split- horizon-style rule: a router that learns a route via IBGP must never readvertise that route to another IBGP peer. This rule guarantees that every IBGP speaker within the AS must be directly peered with every other IBGP speaker (a logical full mesh) in order for all routers to receive all routes, since no IBGP router will relay IBGP-learned routes onward on another router's behalf.
This full-mesh requirement is precisely why techniques such as route reflection and confederations were later developed -- they preserve the same loop-prevention guarantee while relaxing the physical full-mesh peering burden. VRRP and BFD serve entirely unrelated purposes (gateway redundancy and fast failure detection, respectively) and play no role in BGP loop prevention.
質問 # 185
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