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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Network and Web Forensics | 10% | - Email and messaging forensics - Web server and application logs - Network logs and traffic analysis - Investigating web attacks |
| Topic 2: Malware and Incident Response Forensics | 10% | - Reporting and documentation - Static and dynamic malware analysis - Forensics in incident response - Malware artifacts and indicators |
| Topic 3: Computer Forensics Fundamentals | 15% | - Concepts and principles of digital forensics - Types of digital evidence - Legal and ethical frameworks - Forensic readiness planning - Roles and responsibilities of forensic investigators |
| Topic 4: File Systems and Storage Media Analysis | 15% | - FAT, NTFS, EXT file systems - Recovering deleted and hidden data - Metadata analysis - Disk structures and partitions |
| Topic 5: Operating System Forensics | 10% | - System artifacts and logs - Mac OS forensics - Linux forensics - Windows forensics |
| Topic 6: Dark Web and Anti-Forensics | 10% | - Anti-forensics techniques - Dark web concepts and tools - Tor browser and artifact analysis - Detecting and countering anti-forensics |
| Topic 7: Computer Forensics Investigation Process | 15% | - Pre-investigation phase - Investigation phase - Post-investigation and reporting - Chain of custody and evidence handling |
| Topic 8: Digital Evidence Acquisition and Preservation | 15% | - Evidence integrity and hashing - Storage and transport of evidence - Forensic imaging and verification - Data acquisition methods and tools |
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質問 # 21
Which of the following layers of the TCP/IP model includes protocols such as Frame Relay, SMDS, Fast Ethernet, SLIP, PPP, FDDI, ATM, Ethernet, and ARP to enable a machine to deliver the desired data to other hosts in the same network?
正解：A
解説：
The protocols listed-Frame Relay, SMDS, Fast Ethernet, SLIP, PPP, FDDI, ATM, Ethernet, and ARP- belong to the portion of the TCP/IP model responsible forlocal network deliveryand direct interaction with the physical media and link-layer addressing. In TCP/IP terminology, this is theNetwork Access layer(also called the Link layer or Network Interface layer). It combines functions that map closely to the OSIData LinkandPhysicallayers.
This layer is essential for delivering frames within the same network segment because it governs how devices access the medium (e.g., Ethernet), how frames are formatted and transmitted, and how hardware addressing works.ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)is especially important here: it resolvesIP addresses to MAC addressesso that an IP packet can be encapsulated into a link-layer frame and delivered to the correct local host or next-hop gateway. Technologies like PPP/SLIP support point-to-point links, while Frame Relay/ATM represent WAN/link technologies, all of which still sit under IP and provide the mechanisms for moving data across the immediate network path.
TheInternet layerhandles IP routing between networks, theTransport layerprovides end-to-end host communications (TCP/UDP), and theApplication layerprovides user protocols. Therefore, the correct layer isNetwork access layer (A).
質問 # 22
Which of the following Tor relay nodes in the Tor circuit is designed to transfer data in an encrypted format?
正解：C
解説：
In a standard Tor circuit, a client typically builds a three-hop path:Entry/Guard # Middle # Exit. Tor uses onion routing, where the client wraps the payload in multiple encryption layers-one for each hop. Each relay removes (decrypts) only its own layer to learn thenext hop, but not the complete route or the original payload in the clear. Themiddle relayis specifically positioned toforward traffic between the entry/guard and the exit while it remains onion-encrypted end-to-end within the Tor network. Because it neither connects to the user's local network (like the entry/guard) nor to the public destination (like the exit), its primary role isencrypted transit/forwarding, helping break the linkage between source and destination. By contrast, theexit relayis where traffic leaves Tor; unless the application layer uses TLS/HTTPS, the exit may deliver data to the destination inunencryptedform on the open Internet. Theentry/guardprotects against certain traffic-correlation risks by being stable, but it is not uniquely "the" encrypted-transfer node. Therefore, the best single answer isMiddle relay (D).
質問 # 23
Which of the following standards and criteria version of SWGDE mandates that any action with the potential to alter, damage, or destroy any aspect of original evidence must be performed by qualified persons in a forensically sound manner?
正解：D
解説：
The statement in the question matchesSWGDE Principle 1, Standards and Criteria 1.7, which explicitly requires thatany action that could alter, damage, or destroy original digital evidence must be performed by qualified personnel in a forensically sound manner. In digital forensics doctrine, this requirement exists because digital evidence is highly fragile: routine interactions (booting a system, opening a file, connecting storage, running commands) can change timestamps, overwrite unallocated space, modify logs, or trigger encryption/key rotation. SWGDE's emphasis on "qualified persons" and "forensically sound manner" aligns with core evidentiary expectations: minimizing changes to original media, using controlled and repeatable methods (e.g., write-blocking, validated imaging, documented procedures), and ensuring actions are defensible under scrutiny.
Options 1.1, 1.3, and 1.5 relate to broader quality and procedural requirements (quality systems, SOP review, appropriate tools), but they do not contain the specific mandate about potentially altering original evidence.
The exact phrasing about alteration/damage/destruction and qualified handling is associated withStandards and Criteria 1.7, makingBthe correct choice.
質問 # 24
Which of the following tools helps a forensics investigator develop and test across multiple operating systems in a virtual machine for Mac and allows access to Microsoft Office for Windows?
正解：A
解説：
A common requirement in macOS-focused forensic labs is the ability to runmultiple operating systemson a single Mac for controlled testing, malware detonation in a sandbox, reproduction of user activity, and validation of artifacts across platforms. This is typically achieved throughdesktop virtualization, where a hypervisor hosts guest operating systems (such as Windows and various Linux distributions) inside virtual machines.Parallels Desktop 16is a Mac virtualization solution built specifically to run Windows on macOS with strong integration features (such as shared clipboard, folder sharing, and "coherence" modes that allow Windows applications to appear alongside Mac applications). This capability aligns with the question's description: developing and testing across multiple OSs in VMs on a Mac and enabling use ofMicrosoft Office for Windowswithin that Windows guest environment.
The other tools do not fit.Riverbed ModelerandNetSimare primarilynetwork modeling/simulationtools used for network design and training, not desktop virtualization.Camtasiais used forscreen recording and video editing, which can support documentation but does not provide a VM environment. Therefore, the only option that directly provides cross-OS virtual machines on macOS and supports running Windows applications like Microsoft Office isParallels Desktop 16 (B).
質問 # 25
Which of the following titles of The Electronic Communications Privacy Act protects the privacy of the contents of files stored by service providers and records held about the subscriber by service providers, such as subscriber name, billing records, and IP addresses?
正解：C
解説：
Under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA),Title IIis commonly known as theStored Communications Act (SCA). Digital forensics and e-discovery references treat the SCA as the key legal framework governing access tostored electronic communications and associated subscriber/account recordsheld by service providers. The question specifically mentions (1) "contents of files stored by service providers" and (2) "records held about the subscriber ... such as subscriber name, billing records, and IP addresses." These map directly to the SCA's two broad categories:content(what a communication or stored file contains) andnon-content records(subscriber identity, connection logs, billing information, IP assignment
/history, and related transactional metadata).
From an investigative perspective, Title II matters because it sets the legal process and restrictions for compelled disclosure-typically requiring different forms of legal process depending on whether the investigator seekscontentversussubscriber/transactional records, and depending on factors like how the data is stored and retention timeframes. In contrast,Title Ifocuses on real-time interception (wiretap-style capture), andTitle IIIaddresses pen register/trap-and-trace style dialing/routing information rather than stored content.
Therefore, the correct title isTitle II (Option A).
質問 # 26
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