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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Client education, communication techniques - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Topic 2: Anesthesia | 13% | - Recovery and emergency management - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation |
| Topic 3: Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
| Topic 4: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Intraoperative and postoperative care |
| Topic 5: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing |
| Topic 6: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Topic 7: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Controlled substance management - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes |
| Topic 8: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
| Topic 9: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Topic 10: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Physical examination, patient assessment - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy |
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NEW QUESTION # 217
You are doing a glucose curve on a diabetic cat who the owner thinks is well-regulated. You take blood sugars every four hours because the pet is on insulin glargine. You are discussing how the body regulates blood sugar and the hormones involved with one of the other technicians.
What is the role of glucagon in the regulation of blood sugar levels?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Glucoogon's goal is to increase the body's blood sugar. Glucagon, a hormone produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels by signaling the liver to turn glycogen into glucose. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon is released into the body and its actions ultimately raise blood sugar. Glucagon also plays a significant role in breaking down fat and proteins into glucose, which also leads to increased blood sugar.
Glucagon doesn't improve insulin resistance or affect insulin directly. They work in opposition. Glucagon activates in the face of low blood glucose to increase glucose levels and insulin acts to lower blood glucose levels when elevated by assisting in the absorption of glucose across cell membranes.
Low blood sugar acts to stimulate the body to produce insulin.
NEW QUESTION # 218
What nutritional factor may lead to an increased risk of obesity in horses?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Horses have adapted to a diet high in carbohydrates (about 80%), serving as their main energy source. The remaining portion of the diet usually consists of about 5% fat and 7-12% protein. All three are required to meet the overall needs of the species. However, a horse who does not get much exercise and is fed excessive grains and sugary carbohydrates like molasses, as well as any animal who consumes more soluble carbohydrates than are their energy requirements, can have an increased risk of obesity due to their body storing the excess as either fat or glycogen.
The quality of the protein may affect some nutrients and overall health, but will not lead to obesity. High protein levels can negatively affect digestion and metabolism, since horses aren't designed to digest these levels, but they will not lead to obesity.
Diets high in fat (> 5% fat content) may lead to weight gain or weight maldistribution, especially when combined with lower carbohydrate amounts. Further, this can lead to poor overall gut health, creating additional health concerns.
NEW QUESTION # 219
Prior to any anesthetic procedure, how long should food be withheld from a cow?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 220
What is the concentration in milligrams per milliliter of 2% lidocaine solution?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is 20 mg/mL because percent concentration is calculated by using grams per 100 mL.
For this example, the 2% lidocaine solution would convert to 2 g/100 mL. Since 1 gram is equal to 1,000 milligrams, 2 g/100 mL is equal to 2,000 mg/100 mL. 2,000 mg/100 mL reduces to 20 mg/mL.
NEW QUESTION # 221
Small animal amputation should be reserved as a last resort. Which of the following generally would not represent a valid reason for amputation?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The decision to perform an amputation, the surgical procedure that removes all or part of a body part, is not to be taken lightly. Many owners refuse the option because of a perceived stigma or failure to feel that the pet can live a good quality of life. However, amputations are necessary in many cases.
Surgical removal of a limb, digit, or tail may be performed under the following conditions:
*The appendage has non-resectable neoplasia, and no other viable options exist. It often provides pain management and improves the quality of life but usually doesn't cure the patient's cancer.
*Neurologic disease causing paralysis and repeated trauma to a limb
*There are nonunion fractures, which are fractures that fail to realign or heal properly. This can occur secondary to patient complications, owner complications, or other factors. If not removed, they will remain a source of pain and dysfunction for the pet.
*Osteomyelitis (bone infection) that fails to respond to therapy and cannot be resolved without amputation
*Thrombosis or arteriovenous fistula, or other vascular limb diseases
*Irreparable limb trauma
*Congenital deformities resulting in a non-functional limb, where surgical correction isn't feasible Simple limb fractures like uncomplicated, non-compound, single bones, or similar injuries do not require amputation. However, because going to a veterinarian involves payment for services, finances can significantly limit an owner's ability financially and emotionally to pay for surgical or even medical management of a fracture.
Sometimes, amputation does become the only option for an owner as it can be done at a lower cost than fracture repair. Many surgeries cannot be managed medically with rest, bandage and cast support, and pain management. Surgical repair is costly, and many cannot afford it. If the options are euthanasia, turning their pet over to the hospital or a rescue, or amputation, many choose amputation. While it sounds harsh, most dogs do very well with three legs, and it is easier for them to lose a hindleg vs. a forelimb. Still, dogs adapt well, and healing is typically just 10-14 days for the incision to heal.
NEW QUESTION # 222
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