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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
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NEW QUESTION # 245
The equine preanesthetic period is slightly different from that of a small animal. First, we catheterize, usually in the jugular vein, then we do what?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Because horses may have food or other material in the mouth, we want to minimize the risk of aspiration during intubation and recovery. Thus, once an IV catheter is placed (with or without IV or IM sedation, depending on the horse's temperament), we need to take a dosing syringe between the cheek and the teeth bilaterally and flush out any debris or feed material.
Once that is done, we can clean the feet and either remove the shoes or wrap them. Generally, if not already sedated, we will premedicate them at this time. Just before or after the premed has been administered, we want to position the horse in the induction area or near a tilt table. Then, induction can take place when appropriate.
NEW QUESTION # 246
You have a cow you determine to be an ASA III-V. The patient presents for cesarean section because of dystocia, and she requires general anesthesi a. The fetus is viable. Which of the following should you avoid using before the delivery of the fetus?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In a cow with a live fetus requiring general anesthesia for a c-section, recommended example protocol and considerations include:
*No premedication
*Ketamine-based induction protocol
*Maintenance with iso or sevoflurane
*Perform an epidural to provide analgesia and reduce the need for other analgesics
*Minimize anesthesia time
However, avoid these agents or circumstances:
*Alpha2-agonists
*Acepromazine
*Opioids before delivery - if the epidural is insufficient post-delivery pain management, an opioid can be considered.
When selecting an anesthetic protocol, you must keep in mind the side effect profile of the drugs, the metabolism, how they may affect the fetus, and any anesthetic complications that may result from the use of a specific protocol.
NEW QUESTION # 247
The primary mechanism of general anesthesia affects the:
Answer: C
Explanation:
General anesthesia results in loss of consciousness and the ability to feel pain, both of which are central nervous system (CNS) functions. The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
The parasympathetic nervous system controls bodily functions when at rest. The sympathetic nervous system controls the fight or flight response. The immune system is the body's defense against disease.
NEW QUESTION # 248
A client comes to you requesting behavioral advice for her two-year-old FS mixed-breed dog. The dog used to be fine with plastic grocery bags and has suddenly become petrified. The owner lives in a small studio apartment with an alcove. The dog is crated when she's not home. However, since the fear of grocery bags started, the dog will tremble in the crate if she has to bring in the groceries. If she puts the bag down to let the dog out of the crate, she will not come out until the groceries are put away, the bags are out of sight, and the owner settles on the couch. The owner asks you about desensitization training.
Which of the following describes a component of desensitization training?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Classical conditioning is when a learner associates something innocuous with something that initiates a response. When you pair these two stimuli over time, they elicit a response together or separately. This type of conditioning is an automatic or involuntary response. Think about a dog who hears the can of food open and starts drooling (Pavlovian response). The dog recognizes that after that sound, food is served.
Sensitization occurs when an animal develops a stronger response to the same stimulus over time. This is the opposite of what we want in this patient.
With habituation, the learner's response to the same stimulus (grocery bags entering the home) decreases in intensity over time. This type of learning involves no treats/rewards. An example would be a home generator that has recently been installed that turns itself on once weekly to check function. Initially, the dog reacts to the sound, goes to check it out, and maybe even barks, but week after week, month after month, the dog no longer reacts because the pet is used to the sound, and it is routine.
However, habituation and sensitization expose an animal to a stimulus without modulating or controlling its intensity. Trying to habituate an animal can actually cause a harmful sensitization response and make the pet more fearful rather than less so.
Desensitization involves identifying a non-stressful place to begin, gradually introducing the fear-inducing stimulus, and increasing duration and intensity over time. Using gradually planned training sessions, you expose the pet on their terms to the item of concern, the plastic bag. You reward the pet for seeing the bag and do so until you can carefully and slowly bring the bag closer and closer to the pet without evoking a negative reaction. If you start to see an ear twitch or the pet looks away, you back up and go to the place where the animal remains engaged and non-fearful. Over time (sometimes a long time), you slowly increase the proximity of the item and the duration exposed, and with a plastic bag, incorporate visualization and the rustling sound they make. You may be fine with an empty bag, but you need to work on bags with things in them. The desensitization process is possible, but takes time and patience from both pet and pet parents. Pairing the reward (treat) with a clicker or other sound, like the word yes, can further reinforce desired behavior and improve success. Determining the point to start and the point that is the non-stress-provoking stage will depend on each pet. Understanding canine body language and subtle cues such as lip licking, turning the head away, and changing the ear position to express dislike of something is key.
NEW QUESTION # 249
Which of the following describes the minimum standard for autoclave sterilization?
Answer: B
Explanation:
When performing autoclave sterilization (exposure to saturated steam), one wants to keep the temperature at a minimum of 121.C or 250.F for 20 minutes to ensure proper sterilization.
10-15 minutes at the same temperature will destroy most microbes. Still, we add the additional 5 minutes to ensure they are destroyed and allow for a safety margin.
NEW QUESTION # 250
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