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Linux Foundation KCNA Exam Syllabus Topics:

SectionWeightObjectives
Topic 1: Cloud Native Application Delivery8%- GitOps
  • 1. Tools (Argo CD, Flux)
  • 2. GitOps Principles and Workflow
- CI/CD
  • 1. Artifact Management and Image Registries
  • 2. Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery Pipelines
- Deployment Strategies
  • 1. Blue/Green, Canary, Rolling Updates
Topic 2: Cloud Native Observability8%- Logging
  • 1. Centralized Logging (Fluentd, Elasticsearch, Kibana)
  • 2. Kubernetes Logging Architecture
- Tracing
  • 1. Distributed Tracing Concepts (OpenTelemetry, Jaeger)
- Monitoring and Metrics
  • 1. Prometheus and Metrics Collection
  • 2. Dashboards and Visualization (Grafana)
Topic 3: Kubernetes Fundamentals46%- Scheduling
  • 1. Node Selection and Affinity
  • 2. Taints and Tolerations
  • 3. Resource Requests and Limits
- Kubernetes Architecture
  • 1. Control Plane Components (API Server, etcd, Scheduler, Controller Manager)
  • 2. Worker Node Components (Kubelet, Kube-proxy, Container Runtime)
- Kubernetes Resources
  • 1. Configuration Resources (ConfigMaps, Secrets)
  • 2. Workload Resources (Pods, Deployments, StatefulSets, DaemonSets, ReplicaSets, Jobs, CronJobs)
  • 3. Networking Resources (Services, Ingress)
- Kubernetes API
  • 1. API Resource Structure and Versioning
  • 2. Declarative Management (Manifests/YAML)
- Containers
  • 1. Container Runtime Interface (CRI)
  • 2. Basic kubectl Commands
  • 3. Container Images and Registries
Topic 4: Container Orchestration22%- Service Mesh
  • 1. Sidecar Pattern and Traffic Management
  • 2. Service Mesh Concepts (Istio, Linkerd)
- Networking
  • 1. Kubernetes Networking Model
  • 2. CoreDNS and Service Networking
- Orchestration Fundamentals
  • 1. Scheduling and Resource Management
  • 2. Service Discovery and Load Balancing
  • 3. Self-healing and Rolling Updates
- Container Runtimes
  • 1. Docker, containerd, CRI-O
- Storage
  • 1. Volumes, PersistentVolumes (PV), PersistentVolumeClaims (PVC)
  • 2. Storage Classes and Dynamic Provisioning
- Security
  • 1. Pod Security Standards (Admission Control)
  • 2. RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
  • 3. Network Policies
Topic 5: Cloud Native Architecture16%- Cloud Native Landscape
  • 1. CNCF Project Categories (Sandbox, Incubating, Graduated)
  • 2. CNCF Role and Governance
- Architecture Concepts
  • 1. Serverless and FaaS
  • 2. Microservices Architecture
  • 3. Elasticity and Resilience
  • 4. Autoscaling (HPA, VPA, Cluster Autoscaler)
- Infrastructure and Practices
  • 1. Immutable Infrastructure
  • 2. DevOps Practices and Culture
  • 3. Infrastructure as Code (IaC)

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Linux Foundation Kubernetes and Cloud Native Associate Sample Questions (Q39-Q44):

NEW QUESTION # 39
At which layer would distributed tracing be implemented in a cloud native deployment?

Answer: A

Explanation:
Distributed tracing is implemented primarily at the application layer, so B is correct. The reason is simple: tracing is about capturing the end-to-end path of a request as it traverses services, libraries, queues, and databases. That "request context" (trace ID, span ID, baggage) must be created, propagated, and enriched as code executes. While infrastructure components (proxies, gateways, service meshes) can generate or augment trace spans, the fundamental unit of tracing is still tied to application operations (an HTTP handler, a gRPC call, a database query, a cache lookup).
In Kubernetes-based microservices, distributed tracing typically uses standards like OpenTelemetry for instrumentation and context propagation. Application frameworks emit spans for key operations, attach attributes (route, status code, tenant, retry count), and propagate context via headers (e.g., W3C Trace Context). This is what lets you reconstruct "Service A → Service B → Service C" for one user request and identify the slow or failing hop.
Why other layers are not the best answer:
Network focuses on packets/flows, but tracing is not a packet-capture problem; it's a causal request-path problem across services.
Database spans are part of traces, but tracing is not "implemented in the database layer" overall; DB spans are one component.
Infrastructure provides the platform and can observe traffic, but without application context it can't fully represent business operations (and many useful attributes live in app code).
So the correct layer for "where tracing is implemented" is the application layer-even when a mesh or proxy helps, it's still describing application request execution across components.


NEW QUESTION # 40
What's the difference between a security profile and a security context?

Answer: D

Explanation:
The correct answer is B. In Kubernetes, a securityContext is part of the Pod and container specification that configures runtime security settings for that workload-things like runAsUser, runAsNonRoot, Linux capabilities, readOnlyRootFilesystem, allowPrivilegeEscalation, SELinux options, seccomp profile selection, and filesystem group (fsGroup). These settings directly affect how the Pod's containers run on the node.
A security profile, in contrast, is a higher-level policy/standard enforced by the cluster control plane (typically via admission control) to ensure workloads meet required security constraints. In modern Kubernetes, this concept aligns with mechanisms like Pod Security Standards (Privileged, Baseline, Restricted) enforced through Pod Security Admission. The "profile" defines what is allowed or forbidden (for example, disallow privileged containers, disallow hostPath mounts, require non-root, restrict capabilities).
The control plane enforces these constraints by validating or rejecting Pod specs that do not comply- ensuring consistent security posture across namespaces and teams.
Option A and D are incorrect because security contexts do not "configure clusters and namespaces at runtime"; security contexts apply to Pods/containers. Option C reverses the relationship: security profiles don' t configure Pods at runtime; they constrain what security context settings (and other fields) are acceptable.
Practically, you can think of it as:
* SecurityContext = workload-level configuration knobs (declared in manifests, applied at runtime).
* SecurityProfile/Standards = cluster-level guardrails that determine which knobs/settings are permitted.
This separation supports least privilege: developers declare needed runtime settings, and cluster governance ensures those settings stay within approved boundaries. Therefore, B is the verified answer.
=========


NEW QUESTION # 41
What is the primary interface for Kubernetes cluster?

Answer: D

Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/#kube-apiserver


NEW QUESTION # 42
What command would be used to check the revisions of Deployment web-app?

Answer: B

Explanation:
The kubectl rollout history command displays the revision history of a Deployment, allowing you to view previous versions and changes associated with deployment/web-app.


NEW QUESTION # 43
Which of the following is the correct command to run a nginx deployment with 2 replicas?

Answer: B


NEW QUESTION # 44
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