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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Installation and Connectivity Testing - Cilium CLI and Configuration |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures - Ingress and Gateway API |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Service Discovery and Load Balancing - Multi-Cluster Connectivity |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF Role and Benefits - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium Architecture and Components - IP Address Management and Datapath Models |
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43. Frage
Which component is embedded in the Cilium Agent and retrieves eBPF-based visibility from Cilium?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
Technical explanation
The Hubble Server is embedded in each Cilium agent and consumes the eBPF-derived visibility data produced on that node. It exposes gRPC services through which clients can retrieve flow events, node and namespace information, server status, and related observability data. Embedding the server in the agent enables high-performance collection with comparatively low overhead.
Hubble Relay has a different role. It is a standalone component that discovers and connects to the Hubble Server instances running across the cluster. Relay aggregates their individual APIs to provide multi-node or cluster-wide visibility to clients such as the Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. It is therefore not the component embedded in the agent.
The Cilium CNI plugin is invoked when Kubernetes creates or removes pods and asks the local agent to configure their networking and datapath. The Cilium Operator performs cluster-wide management duties such as selected IPAM and shared-state operations. Neither component is responsible for exposing eBPF flow visibility.
This server-relay distinction is central to understanding Hubble's distributed architecture: Server provides node-local visibility, while Relay combines multiple servers into a cluster-wide view.
Official references
Hubble Internals , Cilium Component Overview
Study Guide topic: Hubble Server, Hubble Relay, and distributed flow observability.
44. Frage
Which command is used to enable logging at the debug log level of Cilium agents7
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Technical explanation
cilium config set debug true follows the supported Cilium CLI configuration syntax and sets the debug configuration key to true . The cilium config set command accepts a key/value pair and, by default, restarts the Cilium pods so that the changed configuration is applied. The Cilium configuration documentation defines debug as the setting that enables full debug mode. This increases agent logging verbosity and causes eBPF programs to emit additional visibility events for diagnostic use.
Options A, B, and D do not match documented Cilium CLI command structures. There is no cilium log level
--set=debug command in the Cilium CLI hierarchy, and neither cilium logging.level=debug nor cilium logging debug is valid configuration syntax. A Helm-managed installation may also enable debugging through the chart value debug.enabled=true , but that does not make any of the alternative commands correct.
Debug mode should be enabled deliberately because it increases log volume and may generate additional datapath visibility information. After troubleshooting, operators should normally restore the previous setting to avoid unnecessary operational overhead.
The supplied answer key incorrectly identifies B. The verified answer is C.
Official references
Cilium configuration ; Cilium CLI `config set` ; Helm values .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
45. Frage
Which one of the following best describes the role Cilium provides in Kubernetes?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Technical explanation
Cilium functions as a Kubernetes Container Network Interface implementation. When Kubernetes creates or removes a pod sandbox, the container runtime invokes the configured CNI plugin. Cilium establishes the pod' s network connectivity, connects the workload to the node's networking environment, allocates or obtains an address through the configured IPAM mode, and coordinates the endpoint with the Cilium agent. Its eBPF datapath then supplies routing, service load balancing, policy enforcement, and network visibility.
Cilium provides substantially more functionality than the minimum CNI contract, but those additional capabilities do not change its primary Kubernetes networking role. Hubble supplies integrated network observability, yet Cilium is not merely a container-metrics monitor. Resource utilization such as CPU and memory is normally handled through Kubernetes metrics and monitoring systems.
Cilium is also not a Container Storage Interface. CSI drivers manage storage volumes, attachment, mounting, and lifecycle operations, which are unrelated to Cilium's primary responsibilities. Nor is Cilium simply a pod- operation logging mechanism. It can emit datapath events and diagnostic logs, but those are supporting capabilities.
Accordingly, D provides the correct architectural classification for Cilium in a Kubernetes cluster.
Official references
Introduction to Cilium and Hubble ; Cilium Helm Installation .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
46. Frage
What would be a benefit of using remote service affinity in a Cluster Mesh deployment?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Technical explanation
Remote service affinity directs a global Service to prefer healthy backend endpoints located in remote clusters. This can support maintenance or staged rollouts in which the local copy of an application is temporarily unavailable or intentionally removed from service. Requests originating in the local cluster continue through the same global Service but are forwarded to the preferred remote backends, matching the use case described by D.
Cilium configures this behavior through the service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" annotation. The preference affects backend selection; it does not require clients to use a different Service address. If remote backends are available, they are marked as preferred. This provides operators with a controlled way to direct traffic away from the local deployment during an update.
Option A describes local affinity from the perspective of the cluster containing the client, not remote affinity.
Option B incorrectly introduces the Egress Gateway, which provides controlled source addresses and routing for outbound traffic rather than Cluster Mesh global-Service affinity. Option C describes the normal none affinity behavior, under which Cilium has no local-or-remote preference and can load-balance across both categories.
Remote affinity therefore enables temporary cross-cluster continuity while local application instances are updated or otherwise unavailable.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Service Affinity .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
47. Frage
What is the default policy enforcement behavior?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Technical explanation
In Cilium's default policy-enforcement mode, an endpoint initially permits ingress and egress traffic.
Enforcement changes independently for each direction when a policy selects that endpoint. If a selecting rule contains an ingress section, the endpoint enters default-deny mode for ingress. If a selecting rule contains an egress section, it enters default-deny mode for egress. Only traffic explicitly permitted by the applicable policy rules remains allowed in the restricted direction.
This per-direction behavior is important. An ingress-only policy does not automatically restrict egress, and an egress-only policy does not automatically restrict ingress. Options A and B reverse the relationship between the rule section and the direction being enforced. Option C incorrectly states that selection places the endpoint into default-allow mode; default allow describes the endpoint's condition before it is selected by an enforcing policy.
Cilium also supports always and never enforcement modes. In always , enforcement applies even to endpoints not selected by policy. In never , policy enforcement is disabled. Policies can additionally use enableDefaultDeny for specialized visibility configurations, but those controls do not change the normal default behavior described in the question.
Official references
Policy Enforcement Modes .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
48. Frage
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