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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Pod lifecycle, init containers, probes - Deployments, rolling updates and rollbacks - Resource requests, limits and autoscaling - Configure applications with ConfigMaps and Secrets - Pod scheduling: node selector, affinity, taints/tolerations |
| Troubleshooting | 30% | - Control plane component failures - Network connectivity and DNS resolution problems - Cluster component health checks - Log collection and analysis - Worker node issues and recovery - Pod and application failures |
| Services & Networking | 20% | - CoreDNS and service discovery - Network policies - CNI configuration and troubleshooting - Ingress resources and controllers - Service types: ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalName |
| Storage | 10% | - StorageClasses and dynamic provisioning - StatefulSet storage configuration - Persistent Volumes (PV) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVC) - Volume types and access modes |
| Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Manage RBAC - Manage cluster lifecycle and upgrades - Create and manage clusters with kubeadm - Work with CRDs and Operators - Prepare infrastructure for cluster installation - Implement high availability control plane - Install components via Helm / Kustomize - Understand CNI, CSI, CRI interfaces |
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NEW QUESTION # 80
Scale the deployment webserver to
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
NEW QUESTION # 81
You must connect to the correct host.
Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh Cka000059
Context
A kubeadm provisioned cluster was migrated to a new machine. It needs configuration changes to run successfully.
Task
Fix a single-node cluster that got broken during machine migration.
First, identify the broken cluster components and investigate what breaks them.
The decommissioned cluster used an external etcd server.
Next, fix the configuration of all broken cluster
Answer:
Explanation:
Task Summary
* SSH into node: cka000059
* Cluster was migrated to a new machine
* It uses an external etcd server
* Identify and fix misconfigured components
* Bring the cluster back to a healthy state
Step-by-Step Solution
Step 1: SSH into the correct host
ssh cka000059
Step 2: Check the cluster status
Run:
kubectl get nodes
If it fails, the kubelet or kube-apiserver is likely broken.
Check kubelet status:
sudo systemctl status kubelet
Also, check pod statuses in the control plane:
sudo crictl ps -a | grep kube
or:
docker ps -a | grep kube
Look especially for failures in kube-apiserver or kube-controller-manager.
Step 3: Inspect the kube-apiserver manifest
Since this is a kubeadm-based cluster, manifests are in:
ls /etc/kubernetes/manifests
Open kube-apiserver.yaml:
bash
CopyEdit
sudo nano /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
Look for the --etcd-servers= flag. If the external etcd endpoint has changed (likely, due to migration), this needs to be fixed.
Example of incorrect configuration:
--etcd-servers=https://192.168.1.100:2379
If the IP has changed, update it to the correct IP or hostname of the external etcd server.
Also ensure the correct client certificate and key paths are still valid:
--etcd-cafile=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
--etcd-certfile=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-etcd-client.crt
--etcd-keyfile=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-etcd-client.key
If the files are missing or the path is wrong due to migration, correct those as well.
Step 4: Save and exit, and let static pod restart
Static pod changes will be picked up automatically by the kubelet (watch for /etc/kubernetes/manifests changes).
Check again:
docker ps | grep kube-apiserver
# or
crictl ps | grep kube-apiserver
Step 5: Confirm API is healthy
Once kube-apiserver is up, try:
kubectl get componentstatuses
kubectl get nodes
If these commands work and return valid statuses, the control plane is functional again.
Step 6: Check controller-manager and scheduler (optional)
If still broken, check the other static pods in /etc/kubernetes/manifests/ and correct paths if necessary.
Also verify that /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf and /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf are present and valid.
Command Summary
ssh cka000059
# Check system and kubelet
sudo systemctl status kubelet
docker ps -a | grep kube # or crictl ps -a | grep kube
# Check manifests
ls /etc/kubernetes/manifests
sudo nano /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
# Fix --etcd-servers and certificate paths if needed
# Watch pods restart and confirm:
kubectl get nodes
kubectl get componentstatuses
NEW QUESTION # 82
Score: 4%
Task
Create a persistent volume with name app-data , of capacity 1Gi and access mode ReadOnlyMany. The type of volume is hostPath and its location is /srv/app-data .
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
Solution:
#vi pv.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: app-config
spec:
capacity:
storage: 1Gi
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMany
hostPath:
path: /srv/app-config
#
kubectl create -f pv.yaml
NEW QUESTION # 83
List all the pods that are serviced by the service "webservice" and copy the output in /opt/$USER/webservice.targets Note: You need to list the endpoints
Answer:
Explanation:
kubectl descrive svc webservice | grep -i "Endpoints" > /opt/$USER/webservice.targets kubectl get endpoints webservice > /opt/$USER/webservice.targets
NEW QUESTION # 84
You need to expose a service with multiple endpoints, each serving a specific path, using a single Ingress resource. Each endpoint is running on a different port, and you want to configure SSL termination for the entire Ingress. How would you achieve this?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define the Ingress Resource:
- Create an Ingress resource with the desired host and paths for each endpoint.
- Example:
- This configuration defines the host "example.com" and two paths: "/api" routed to "api-service" on port 8080 and "[blog" routed to "blog-service" on port 8081. 2. Create the TLS Secret: - Create a Secret containing your SSL certificate and private key for the domain "example.com". - Example:
- Replace " and with the actual content of your SSL certificate and private key. 3. Deploy the Services: - Ensure that the services "api-service" and "blog-service" are deployed and accessible on their respective ports (8080 and 8081 4. Apply the Ingress Configuration: - Apply the Ingress configuration using 'kubectl apply -f multiple-endpoints-ingress.yamP. 5. Verify the Ingress: - Access the Ingress using the defined host "example.com". - Check that requests to "/api" are routed to the "api-service" and requests to "[blog" are routed to the "blog- service", with SSL termination working as expected.
NEW QUESTION # 85
......
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