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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	ML Functional Performance Metrics: In this section, the topics covered include how to calculate the ML functional performance metrics from a given set of confusion matrices.
Topic 2	Test Environments for AI-Based Systems: This section is about factors that differentiate the test environments for AI-based
Topic 3	ML: Data: This section of the exam covers explaining the activities and challenges related to data preparation. It also covers how to test datasets create an ML model and recognize how poor data quality can cause problems with the resultant ML model.
Topic 4	Introduction to AI: This exam section covers topics such as the AI effect and how it influences the definition of AI. It covers how to distinguish between narrow AI, general AI, and super AI; moreover, the topics covered include describing how standards apply to AI-based systems.
Topic 5	Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.
Topic 6	Quality Characteristics for AI-Based Systems: This section covers topics covered how to explain the importance of flexibility and adaptability as characteristics of AI-based systems and describes the vitality of managing evolution for AI-based systems. It also covers how to recall the characteristics that make it difficult to use AI-based systems in safety-related applications.

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q18-Q23):

NEW QUESTION # 18
Which of the following technologies for implementing AI is considered to be a reasoning technique?
Choose ONE option (1 out of 4)

A. Random Forest
B. Linear regression
C. Deductive classifiers
D. Genetic algorithms

Answer: C

Explanation:
TheISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Syllabus v1.0explicitly categorizes different AI implementation technologies in Section1.4 - AI Technologies. Within this section, AI methods are grouped into categories, one of which is"Reasoning techniques."These reasoning techniques includerule engines, deductive classifiers, case-based reasoning, and procedural reasoning. Because deductive classifiers are directly listed under this set of reasoning approaches, they are recognized as a reasoning-based AI technology.
Reasoning techniques differ from machine learning approaches because they rely onstructured, predefined rules or logicto reach conclusions. Deductive classifiers use logical inference and symbolic reasoning to classify inputs by applying encoded knowledge. This makes them fundamentally different from statistical or data-driven ML algorithms.
The other options-Linear regression,Random Forest, andGenetic algorithms-are listed by the syllabus asmachine learning techniques, not reasoning methods. Linear regression performs numerical prediction, Random Forest is an ensemble decision-tree ML model, and genetic algorithms are optimization-based ML approaches inspired by evolutionary processes. None of these involve symbolic logical deduction.
Thus, based on the authoritative definitions in the syllabus,Deductive classifiers (Option A)is the only technology classified as a reasoning technique.

NEW QUESTION # 19
The activation value output for a neuron in a neural network is obtained by applying computation to the neuron.
Which ONE of the following options BEST describes the inputs used to compute the activation value?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Individual bias at the neuron level, activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
B. Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
C. Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
D. Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer.

Answer: A

Explanation:
In a neural network, the activation value of a neuron is determined by a combination of inputs from the previous layer, the weights of the connections, and the bias at the neuron level. Here's a detailed breakdown:
* Inputs for Activation Value:
* Activation Values of Neurons in the Previous Layer:These are the outputs from neurons in the preceding layer that serve as inputs to the current neuron.
* Weights Assigned to the Connections:Each connection between neurons has an associated weight, which determines the strength and direction of the input signal.
* Individual Bias at the Neuron Level:Each neuron has a bias value that adjusts the input sum, allowing the activation function to be shifted.
* Calculation:
* The activation value is computed by summing the weighted inputs from the previous layer and adding the bias.
* Formula: z=#(wi#ai)+bz = \sum (w_i \cdot a_i) + bz=#(wi#ai)+b, where wiw_iwi are the weights, aia_iai are the activation values from the previous layer, and bbb is the bias.
* The activation function (e.g., sigmoid, ReLU) is then applied to this sum to get the final activation value.
* Why Option A is Correct:
* Option A correctly identifies all components involved in computing the activation value: the individual bias, the activation values of the previous layer, and the weights of the connections.
* Eliminating Other Options:
* B. Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the bias, which is crucial.
* C. Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the activation values from the previous layer.
* D. Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer
This option misses the weights, which are essential.
References:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1, Neural Networks, discusses the components and functioning of neurons in a neural network.
"Neural Network Activation Functions" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1.1).

NEW QUESTION # 20
How can a tester check the system for bias as part of a review of data sources, acquisition, and preprocessing?
Choose ONE option (1 out of 4)

A. During the review, it can uncover algorithmic bias by analysing the procedures used to obtain the training data.
B. During the review of the preprocessing, the auditor can uncover whether the data has been influenced in a way that could lead to sample distortions.
C. As part of the review of preprocessing, it can reveal whether the data has been influenced in a way that could lead to algorithmic bias.
D. It may use the LIME method as part of its data collection review to detect inappropriate bias.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Bias detection at thedata levelis performed by reviewingdata acquisition and preprocessing steps, as explained in Section2.3 - Data Quality and Biasof the ISTQB CT-AI syllabus. Sample bias arises when data is distorted or when preprocessing introduces unintended shifts-for example, by filtering, normalization, or labeling steps that disproportionately affect subsets of the data. OptionBcorrectly reflects this: reviewers can identify whether preprocessing steps have altered the dataset in a way that introducessample distortions. This aligns perfectly with syllabus guidance on reviewing data pipelines for bias sources.
Option A is incorrect because algorithmic bias originates from themodel, not data collection procedures.
Option C is incorrect because LIME is anexplainabilitymethod applied post-model, not in data reviews.
Option D incorrectly states "algorithmic bias," but preprocessing affectssample bias, not algorithmic bias.
Thus, OptionBcorrectly matches the syllabus' definition of how bias can be detected during data-related reviews.

NEW QUESTION # 21
Which characteristic of AI-based systems makes it difficult to ensure they are safe (e.g., not harming humans)?
Choose ONE option (1 out of 4)

A. Determinism
B. Interpretability
C. Complexity
D. Robustness

Answer: C

Explanation:
The ISTQB CT-AI syllabus lists several characteristics that make it difficult to ensure safety in AI-based systems. Section2.8 - Safety and AIexplicitly names the characteristics that complicate safety assurance:
complexity,non-determinism,probabilistic behavior,self-learning,lack of transparency, andlack of robustness. Among these,complexityis a core challenge because modern AI systems-particularly those using deep learning-have highly non-linear behavior, large numbers of parameters, and intricate interactions that are hard to predict.
Option B (Complexity) directly aligns with the syllabus and is therefore correct.
Option A (Determinism) is the opposite of AI behavior; AI is oftennon-deterministic, and determinism does notmake systems unsafe. Option C (Interpretability) does impact trust and explainability, but the syllabus positions it as a transparency challenge, not the primary difficulty in ensuring safety. Option D (Robustness) is a desired quality, not a reason safety is hard; alackof robustness would be a challenge, not robustness itself.
Thus,complexitybest reflects the syllabus' explicit safety-related difficulty.

NEW QUESTION # 22
Which of the following is a technique used in machine learning?

A. Decision tables
B. Decision trees
C. Equivalence partitioning
D. Boundary value analysis

Answer: B

Explanation:
Decision trees are a foundational algorithm used in supervised machine learning. The syllabus describes:
"A decision tree is a tree-like ML model whose nodes represent decisions and whose branches represent possible outcomes."

NEW QUESTION # 23
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