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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis | 25% | - Hazard Assessment Methods
|
| Topic 2: Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) Fundamentals | 15% | - Process Safety Culture
|
| Topic 3: Incident Investigation and Learning | 15% | - Learning and Improvement
|
| Topic 4: Process Safety Management Systems | 30% | - Management of Change
|
| Topic 5: Measurement, Audit, and Continuous Improvement | 15% | - Performance Indicators
|
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質問 # 33
Which of the following statements are correct regarding the flow control loop in the illustration? (Select all that apply)
正解：B、C
解説：
The correct answers are B and D because a typical flow control loop (including flow meter, controller, control valve, and associated instrumentation) behaves as a series system from a reliability perspective, as described in CCPS risk analysis and Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) principles.
In a series system , the system fails if any single component fails , which supports answer D . For example, if the flow transmitter gives incorrect readings, or the control valve fails to actuate, the loop can no longer maintain proper control. This aligns with CCPS guidance that basic process control systems (BPCS) are generally not highly reliable independent protection layers due to multiple potential failure points.
For such systems, the overall reliability is calculated by multiplying the reliabilities of individual components
, which supports answer B . Each component must function correctly for the system to succeed.
Option A is incorrect because failure probabilities are not simply multiplied in this context; instead, reliability (success probability) is multiplied, and failure probability is derived from the complement. Option C is incorrect because it describes a parallel system, where all components must fail for system failure-this is not applicable to a standard control loop.
This concept is critical in CCPS hazard analysis and LOPA when evaluating safeguard effectiveness and independence.
質問 # 34
A strong Management of Change system should ensure that: (select all that apply)
正解：B、C、D、E
解説：
The correct answers are B, C, D, and E because these align directly with CCPS expectations for a robust Management of Change (MOC) system under Risk-Based Process Safety.
C (adequate safety and health evaluations) is fundamental to MOC. CCPS requires that all changes-whether in equipment, procedures, chemicals, or organization-be reviewed for potential process safety impacts before implementation.
D (updates to preventive maintenance requirements) is also essential. Changes can affect equipment reliability and degradation mechanisms, so inspection, testing, and maintenance programs must be updated accordingly to maintain asset integrity.
E (management of temporary changes) is a key CCPS requirement. Temporary changes must be tracked, reviewed, and either made permanent through full MOC or reverted by a defined expiration date to prevent them from becoming uncontrolled permanent conditions.
B (root causes identified) is indirectly relevant, as changes often arise from incident learnings, and MOC should incorporate lessons learned to prevent recurrence.
Option A is incorrect because emergency changes still require MOC controls , though they may follow an expedited process. CCPS clearly states that all changes must be managed to ensure risks are properly evaluated and controlled.
質問 # 35
The accumulation for a relief device is:
正解：D
解説：
The correct answer is C because accumulation is defined (per CCPS and industry standards such as ASME) as the pressure increase above the relief device set pressure, expressed as a percentage of the set pressure .
When a relief device (such as a safety valve or rupture disc) activates, the system pressure is allowed to rise above the set pressure during discharge. This temporary pressure increase is called accumulation . It reflects the system's ability to safely handle overpressure while the relief device is relieving excess energy or material.
Mathematically, accumulation is calculated as:
Option A is incorrect because accumulation is not referenced to MAWP. Option B describes pressure relative to MAWP, which is not the definition of accumulation. Option D is also incorrect because it mixes MAWP and set pressure improperly.
CCPS emphasizes understanding accumulation as part of pressure relief system design , ensuring that vessels can tolerate the maximum allowable accumulation (often 10% for single relief devices under many codes) without exceeding safe limits.
質問 # 36
For flashing liquids:
正解：B
解説：
The correct answer is C because flashing of liquids is fundamentally an energy-driven thermodynamic process
, as described in CCPS consequence analysis and dispersion modeling guidance. When a pressurized liquid is suddenly released to a lower pressure, a portion of the liquid rapidly vaporizes (flashes). The energy required for this phase change comes from the internal energy (enthalpy) of the liquid itself , not from an external heat source.
As the liquid flashes, it cools because energy is consumed in vaporization. The fraction that flashes depends on factors such as initial temperature, pressure, heat capacity, and latent heat of vaporization-not fixed percentages.
Option A and B are incorrect because the fraction flashed is not constant ; it can vary widely depending on thermodynamic conditions.
Option D is incorrect because flashing is actually more likely when a liquid is above its normal boiling point under pressure . When pressure is suddenly reduced, the liquid is in a superheated state and can rapidly flash.
CCPS emphasizes understanding flashing behavior in hazard analysis because it significantly affects release rates, vapor cloud formation, and potential consequences such as toxic exposure or vapor cloud explosions.
質問 # 37
The following groups may provide information required for the Process Knowledge Management element (select all that apply)
正解：A、B、C
解説：
The correct answers are A, B, and C because Process Knowledge Management (PKM) requires collecting and maintaining accurate technical information from all relevant and credible sources involved in process design, operation, and development.
Process equipment vendors (A) are a key source of detailed equipment design data, operating limits, materials of construction, and performance specifications. This information is essential for safe operation and maintenance.
External engineering firms (B) contribute critical knowledge related to process design, system integration, hazard considerations, and technical calculations. They often develop PFDs, P & IDs, and design basis documents, all of which are core PKM components.
Corporate research and development (C) provides essential data on chemical properties, reaction kinetics, hazards, and scale-up considerations. This information is particularly important for understanding process chemistry and potential risks.
Option D (Local emergency responders) is incorrect because, while they play an important role in Emergency Management , they are not a primary source of process knowledge such as chemical, design, or engineering data required under PKM.
CCPS emphasizes that PKM must integrate information from multiple technical sources to ensure completeness, accuracy, and accessibility, forming the foundation for hazard analysis, safe operations, and risk management.
質問 # 38
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