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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
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NEW QUESTION # 38
What are the differences between Ingress and Gateway API?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Ingress provides a comparatively simple API for exposing HTTP and HTTPS applications through host- and path-based routing. Gateway API is a broader, extensible family of resources that separates infrastructure configuration from application routing. Resources such as GatewayClass , Gateway , HTTPRoute , GRPCRoute , TLSRoute , TCPRoute , and UDPRoute model listeners, routes, protocols, ownership, and attachment relationships explicitly.
Gateway API was designed around operational roles. An infrastructure provider can manage the GatewayClass , a cluster operator can provision a Gateway , and an application team can own a route attached to that Gateway. This offers clearer delegation than the single Ingress resource and supports protocols and traffic-management functions beyond the original Ingress model.
The two APIs are not simply different names for identical functionality, so A is false. Option C is also inaccurate because Cilium's implementations of both Ingress and Gateway API integrate with its eBPF datapath and Envoy; Ingress is not inherently an iptables-only implementation. Option D incorrectly limits Gateway API to internal routing. It can expose internet-facing applications through generated LoadBalancer or NodePort Services or through host-network listeners.
Official references
Migrating from Ingress to Gateway ; Gateway API Support .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 39
You are creating a Cilium network policy for pods with the label app: frontend . The policy should allow all pods with that label to communicate with destinations inside 192.168.e.e/24 and using TCP on port 8888.
For example:
# Traffic to 192.168.9.23:8888 should be allowed
# Traffic to 192.168.10.5:8888 should be denied.
# Traffic to 192.168.9.12:5606 should be denied.
Which of the following policies is correct?
A)
Option A
B)
Option B
C)
Option C
D)
Option D
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option C has the correct Cilium policy structure. It selects pods labeled app: frontend , creates an egress rule with a valid CIDR entry, and combines that destination constraint with toPorts , port 8888 , and protocol TCP
. Because the CIDR and port restriction are in the same egress rule, traffic must meet both conditions.
Option A uses an unsupported address-range structure with from and to fields rather than CIDR notation.
Option B initially resembles the correct form but contains an additional malformed ports item at the egress- rule level. Option D uses unsupported action: allow and action: deny fields inside toPorts ; Cilium allow and deny behavior is expressed through policy sections such as egress and egressDeny , not per-port action properties.
The item is nevertheless defective. The prose and examples indicate 192.168.9.0/24 , while all displayed CIDR-based options specify 192.168.0.0/24 ; the source text itself shows the corrupted 192.168.e.e/24 . If
192.168.9.0/24 is authoritative, none of the exhibits permits the stated example. The supplied key B is structurally incorrect under the displayed manifests.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 and CIDR Policies
Study Guide topic: CIDR selectors, Layer 4 ports, and rule composition.
NEW QUESTION # 40
Which component is embedded in the Cilium Agent and retrieves eBPF-based visibility from Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The Hubble Server is embedded in each Cilium agent and consumes the eBPF-derived visibility data produced on that node. It exposes gRPC services through which clients can retrieve flow events, node and namespace information, server status, and related observability data. Embedding the server in the agent enables high-performance collection with comparatively low overhead.
Hubble Relay has a different role. It is a standalone component that discovers and connects to the Hubble Server instances running across the cluster. Relay aggregates their individual APIs to provide multi-node or cluster-wide visibility to clients such as the Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. It is therefore not the component embedded in the agent.
The Cilium CNI plugin is invoked when Kubernetes creates or removes pods and asks the local agent to configure their networking and datapath. The Cilium Operator performs cluster-wide management duties such as selected IPAM and shared-state operations. Neither component is responsible for exposing eBPF flow visibility.
This server-relay distinction is central to understanding Hubble's distributed architecture: Server provides node-local visibility, while Relay combines multiple servers into a cluster-wide view.
Official references
Hubble Internals , Cilium Component Overview
Study Guide topic: Hubble Server, Hubble Relay, and distributed flow observability.
NEW QUESTION # 41
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 42
Please review the output of cilium status below and answer the question that follows. Please note, the output has been modified for accessibility purposes.
Question 2 cilium status exhibit
Assume the cluster is healthy. What is correct about the ci 1 ium status command output above?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The status output shows Envoy DaemonSet: disabled (using embedded mode) . In embedded mode, Cilium starts Envoy as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod when a feature requiring Layer 7 processing- such as an L7 network policy, protocol visibility, Ingress, or Gateway API-is used. This is precisely the behavior described in option B.
The remaining choices contradict the exhibit. The Cilium DaemonSet has a desired count of three, which ordinarily indicates three schedulable nodes running Cilium, not four. Hubble Relay: OK means the aggregation component is healthy. Hubble Relay connects to the Hubble instances associated with Cilium agents and presents a multi-node API to clients such as Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. Finally, ClusterMesh:
disabled rules out the claim that the installation is currently configured for Cilium Cluster Mesh service discovery and cross-cluster load balancing.
Cilium can alternatively run Envoy through the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. That is not the deployment displayed here because the DaemonSet is explicitly disabled and embedded mode is reported.
Official references
Envoy deployment modes ; Hubble internals .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 43
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