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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Setup | 15% | - Hardening cluster components - Secure installation configuration |
| Topic 2: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Image scanning and verification - Secure CI/CD practices |
| Topic 3: System Hardening | 15% | - Kernel and node security configuration - Host security controls |
| Topic 4: Minimizing Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Container isolation and security contexts - Pod security standards |
| Topic 5: Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 15% | - Audit logging and monitoring - Runtime threat detection |
| Topic 6: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Authentication and authorization - API server security |
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NEW QUESTION # 33
SIMULATION
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may
result in a zero score.
[candidato@base] $ ssh cks000023
Task
Analyze and edit the Dockerfile located at /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile, fixing one instruction present in the file that is a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove instructions; only modify the one existing instruction with a security/best-practice concern.
Do not build the Dockerfile, Failure to do so may result in running out of storage and a zero score.
Analyze and edit the given manifest file /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml, fixing one fields present in the file that are a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove fields; only modify the one existing field with a security/best-practice concern.
Should you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user nobody with user ID 65535.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
0) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000023
sudo -i
PART A - Fix ONE prominent Dockerfile security/best-practice issue
1) Open the Dockerfile
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile
2) Find the "most obvious" security/best-practice problem and modify ONLY THAT ONE instruction Use / search in vi to quickly find candidates:
Candidate 1 (very common): USER root (or no USER but a USER 0)
Search:
/USER
If you see:
USER root
Change that single instruction to:
USER 65535
(or USER nobody if that exact word is already used in the file-but the task explicitly allows UID 65535, so USER 65535 is safest.)
โ
This is one-instruction change and is a top-tier best practice.
Candidate 2 (very common): FROM <image>:latest
Search:
/FROM
If you see something like:
FROM nginx:latest
Change ONLY that line to a pinned tag (example):
FROM nginx:1.25.5
(Any non-latest pinned version is the point. Don't add a digest line; just modify the existing FROM line.) Candidate 3: ADD http://... (remote URL download) Search:
/ADD
If you see remote URL usage like:
ADD https://example.com/app.tar.gz /app/
Change that single instruction to COPY only if it's copying local files.
If it's a remote URL, the more "correct" fix would normally be using curl with verification, but that would require adding instructions (not allowed).
So in this exam constraint, do NOT pick this unless it's actually a local add like:
ADD . /app
Then change just the word:
COPY . /app
3) Save and exit
:wq
Don't run docker build (task forbids building).
PART B - Fix ONE prominent security/best-practice issue in the Deployment manifest
4) Open the manifest
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml
5) Change ONLY ONE existing field that is a clear security issue
Use / search in vi for the usual "bad fields":
Option 1 (most common): running as root
Search:
/runAsUser
If you see:
runAsUser: 0
Change that one existing field value to:
runAsUser: 65535
โ
This is a single-field change and matches the prompt hint.
Option 2: privileged container
Search:
/privileged
If you see:
privileged: true
Change only that value to:
privileged: false
Option 3: allow privilege escalation
Search:
/allowPrivilegeEscalation
If you see:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
Change only that value to:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
Option 4: writable root filesystem
Search:
/readOnlyRootFilesystem
If you see:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
Change only that value to:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
Option 5: image uses :latest
Search:
/image:
If you see:
image: something:latest
Change only that value to a pinned tag, e.g.:
image: something:1.2.3
6) Save and exit
:wq
What to pick (fast decision rule)
If you see run as root in either file, that's usually the highest scoring / most "prominent" security issue.
Dockerfile: USER root โ USER 65535
Deployment: runAsUser: 0 โ runAsUser: 65535
Those are perfect because you only modify one line/field and it matches the hint.
NEW QUESTION # 34
You are building a microservice architecture on Kubernetes- You are using Docker images from a public registry for your applications. One of the microservices is responsible for managing sensitive user data. To minimize the base image footprint and enhance security, you need to create a custom base image that iS as minimal as possible while still containing the required dependencies for your service.
What are the steps you would take to create a custom base image for this microservice? How would you ensure the custom base image is secure, and how would you incorporate it into your deployment process? Provide a step-by-step guide with code examples.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Choose a Minimal Base Image:
- Select a base image like Alpine Linux, which is known for its small size and security features.
- Use a multi-stage build to minimize the size of the final image.
- Example:
docket-file
FROM alpine:3.16 as builder
# Install required dependencies
RUN apk update && apk add --no-cache python3 python3-dev build-base
2. Security Best Practices: - Use a non-root user inside the container. - Enable security options in your Dockerfile like '-no-cache' to minimize potential vulnerabilities. - Harden the base image: - Remove unnecessary packages and services. - Disable unnecessary pons and protocols. - Set appropriate permissions for files and directories. - Example: dockeflle FROM alpine:3.16 as builder USER nonrootuser RUN apk update && apk add 0--no-cache python3 python3-dev build-base # ... rest of the Dockerfile 3. Deployment Process: - Build the custom base image. - Push the base image to a private registry. - Update the deployment YAML file to use the new base image. - Example:
4. Testing and Monitoring: - Regularly scan the base image for vulnerabilities. - Monitor the container for suspicious activity - Employ security tools like Falco and Clair-
NEW QUESTION # 35
You are tasked with implementing a security policy that prohibits the use of privileged containers in your Kubernetes cluster. Implement a solution that uses KubeLinter to enforce this policy by automatically scanning all deployments and preventing deployments that violate the policy.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Install KubeLinter: Download and install the 'kubevar binary from the official GitHub repository.
2. Create a custom KubeLinter check: Define a custom check that prohibits the use of privileged containers. This check can be defined in a separate
YAML file or embedded in your '.kubeval.yaml configuration file.
3. Configure KubeLinter to use the custom check: Add the custom check to your .kuoeval.yaml configuration file.
4. Integrate KubeLinter into your CI/CD pipeline: Add a step to your pipeline that runs KubeLinter against your deployment YAML manifests. This step should be executed before the manifests are deployed to the cluster.
5. (Optional) Implement an admission controller: For real-time enforcement, deploy an admission controller that uses KubeLinter to validate deployments as they are created or updated. This will prevent any deployments that violate the policy from being created in the cluster. Tools like Kyverno or Gatekeeper can be used to create and enforce such policies.
NEW QUESTION # 36
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context dev
A default-deny NetworkPolicy avoid to accidentally expose a Pod in a namespace that doesn't have any other NetworkPolicy defined.
Task: Create a new default-deny NetworkPolicy named deny-network in the namespace test for all traffic of type Ingress + Egress The new NetworkPolicy must deny all Ingress + Egress traffic in the namespace test.
Apply the newly created default-deny NetworkPolicy to all Pods running in namespace test.
You can find a skeleton manifests file at /home/cert_masters/network-policy.yaml
Answer:
Explanation:
master1 $ k get pods -n test --show-labels
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS
test-pod 1/1 Running 0 34s role=test,run=test-pod
testing 1/1 Running 0 17d run=testing
$ vim netpol.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: deny-network
namespace: test
spec:
podSelector: {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
- Egress
master1 $ k apply -f netpol.yaml
Explanation
controlplane $ k get pods -n test --show-labels
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS
test-pod 1/1 Running 0 34s role=test,run=test-pod
testing 1/1 Running 0 17d run=testing
master1 $ vim netpol1.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: deny-network
namespace: test
spec:
podSelector: {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
- Egress
master1 $ k apply -f netpol1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/ Reference:
master1 $ k apply -f netpol1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/ Explanation controlplane $ k get pods -n test --show-labels NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS test-pod 1/1 Running 0 34s role=test,run=test-pod testing 1/1 Running 0 17d run=testing master1 $ vim netpol1.yaml apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1 kind: NetworkPolicy metadata:
name: deny-network
namespace: test
spec:
podSelector: {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
- Egress
master1 $ k apply -f netpol1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/ master1 $ k apply -f netpol1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/
NEW QUESTION # 37
SIMULATION
You must complete this task on the following cluster/nodes: Cluster: immutable-cluster Master node: master1 Worker node: worker1 You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context immutable-cluster
Context: It is best practice to design containers to be stateless and immutable.
Task:
Inspect Pods running in namespace prod and delete any Pod that is either not stateless or not immutable.
Use the following strict interpretation of stateless and immutable:
1. Pods being able to store data inside containers must be treated as not stateless.
Note: You don't have to worry whether data is actually stored inside containers or not already.
2. Pods being configured to be privileged in any way must be treated as potentially not stateless or not immutable.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
Reference:
https://cloud.google.com/architecture/best-practices-for-operating-containers
NEW QUESTION # 38
......
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