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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Computer Forensics Fundamentals | - Evidence acquisition and preservation techniques - File systems and data storage concepts |
| Network Forensics | - Packet capture and log analysis - Network traffic analysis |
| Windows and Disk Forensics | - Windows artifacts and registry analysis - Disk imaging and analysis techniques |
| Malware and Incident Investigation | - Incident response procedures and reporting - Malware identification and analysis basics |
| Digital Evidence Handling and Legal Aspects | - Chain of custody and evidence integrity - Legal and ethical considerations in forensics |
| Introduction to Digital Forensics | - Types of digital evidence and forensic readiness - Fundamentals of digital forensics and investigation process |
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NEW QUESTION # 40
Harry, a security professional, was hired to identify the details of an attack that was initiated on a Windows system. In this process, Harry decided to check the logs of currently running applications and the information related to previously uninstalled or removed applications for suspicious events.
Which of the following folders in a Windows system stores information on applications run on the system?
Answer: A
Explanation:
On Windows systems, thePrefetchfeature records execution-related artifacts to speed up subsequent program launches. When an executable is run, Windows often creates a.pf prefetch fileinC:\Windows\Prefetchthat contains valuable forensic indicators such as the executable name (mapped into the prefetch filename), last run time(s) (depending on Windows version), run count (in many versions), and a list of files and directories referenced during startup. Because these artifacts can persist even after an application is lateruninstalled or deleted, investigators commonly use the Prefetch directory to demonstrate that a program executed on a host and to help build timelines around suspicious activity. This is especially useful in intrusion investigations for identifying the execution of attacker tools, droppers, scripts launched via interpreters, or renamed binaries.
The other options are not standard repositories for program execution history.C:\Windows\debugmay contain specific debug logs for certain components but is not the canonical execution-tracking folder.C:
\Windows\BookandC:\subdirare not standard Windows forensic artifact locations. Therefore, the folder that stores information on applications run on the system isC:\Windows\Prefetch (C).
NEW QUESTION # 41
Which of the following file systems of Windows replaces the first letter of a deleted file name with the hex byte code "e5h"?
Answer: D
Explanation:
InFAT (File Allocation Table)file systems (FAT12/16/32), directory entries are fixed-size records that include an8.3 filename field. When a file is deleted, FAT typically does not immediately erase the file's content; instead, it marks the directory entry as deleted by replacing thefirst character of the filenamewith the special marker byte0xE5(often written asE5h). This is a key forensic behavior because it means the file's metadata entry may still be present in the directory table, and the data clusters may remain recoverable until they are reused and overwritten. Examiners can often reconstruct the original filename's first character only through context or by correlating other artifacts, but the remainder of the directory entry (timestamps, size, starting cluster) can still assist recovery.
The other options do not match this mechanism.NTFSuses Master File Table records and marks deletions differently (file record flags and index changes), not by overwriting the first filename byte with E5h.EFSis an encryption feature layered on NTFS, not a distinct file system deletion marker.FHSis a UNIX/Linux directory layout standard, unrelated to Windows disk structures. Therefore, the correct answer isFAT (A).
NEW QUESTION # 42
Which of the following layers of the TCP/IP model serves as the backbone for data flow between two devices in a network and enables peer entities on the source and destination devices to communicate with each other?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the TCP/IP model, theTransport layeris responsible forend-to-end communication between peer entitieson the source and destination systems. "Peer entities" here refers to the corresponding transport components (and the applications that use them) on two different hosts communicating across a network. This layer forms the practical "backbone" of host-to-host data flow because it provides the mechanisms that allow data to be deliveredfrom one endpoint process to another endpoint processreliably or efficiently, depending on the protocol used.
The Transport layer includes protocols such asTCPandUDP. TCP supports connection-oriented communication with sequencing, acknowledgments, retransmissions, and flow control-features that are fundamental when reconstructing sessions during network forensic investigations (e.g., rebuilding a file transfer or a web session). UDP provides connectionless delivery used by many services where speed is preferred over guaranteed delivery, which is also significant in investigations of DNS, streaming, or certain malware communications.
By contrast, theInternet layerfocuses on logical addressing and routing (IP), theNetwork access layerhandles local delivery on the physical/link network, and theApplication layerprovides user-facing protocols.
Therefore, the layer enabling peer communication between endpoints is theTransport layer (C).
NEW QUESTION # 43
Which of the following data acquisition formats supports the Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain (LZMA) algorithm for compression?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In digital forensics, acquisition formats differ mainly in how they store evidence data, metadata, and whether they support features like compression, segmentation, and integrity verification. ARaw formatis a sector-by- sector bitstream image (often called "dd" style) and typically doesnotdefine built-in compression or structured metadata; any compression would be external to the format. "Proprietary format" is not a single defined standard-some proprietary images may compress data, but the option is too generic and not tied to a specific, documented compression method.
The format known in forensic documentation for explicitly supporting modern compression such asLZMAisAFF4 (Advanced Forensic Format 4), which is designed as a next-generation container supporting rich metadata, hashing, chunked storage, and pluggable compression options. AFF4's architecture stores evidence in compressed chunks/streams and commonly associates LZMA with efficient, high-ratio compression while preserving forensic requirements such as repeatable verification through cryptographic hashes.
The option "Advanced ForensicFramework 4" corresponds toAFF4in many exam question banks and training materials. Therefore, the correct choice isC, because AFF4 is the acquisition format recognized for supportingLZMA compressionas part of its standardized capabilities.
NEW QUESTION # 44
Which of the following MAC forensic data components saves file information and related events using a token with a binary structure?
Answer: B
Explanation:
On macOS, theBasic Security Module (BSM)provides the system'saudit framework, which records security- relevant activity such asfile access, process execution, authentication events, privilege changes, and other system calls. A key forensic characteristic of BSM auditing is that events are written asbinary audit records composed of "tokens."Each token represents a structured piece of the event (for example: subject/user identity, process ID, command arguments, path, return value, timestamps), and tokens are assembled into complete audit records. Because these audit logs arebinary and tokenized, they are compact, consistent, and designed for reliable parsing and evidentiary reconstruction-important when building timelines of file- related actions and attributing them to specific users and processes.
The other options do not match the "binary token" description.Command-line inputsmay be stored in shell history files but are plain text and not tokenized binary audit records.User accountartifacts (e.g., directory services, plist files) describe identities and settings, not tokenized event logs.Kexts(kernel extensions) are drivers/modules; while they can affect system behavior, they are not the macOS component that stores file
/event records in a binary token format. Therefore, the correct answer isBasic Security Module (C).
NEW QUESTION # 45
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