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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - TLS/SSL conceptual overview - Secure communication design principles |
| Foundations of Cryptography | - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical and modern cryptography principles |
| Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) - MAC and HMAC mechanisms |
| Key Management and PKI | - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure - Key exchange and lifecycle management |
| Symmetric Encryption | - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) - Block and stream ciphers |
| Asymmetric Encryption | - RSA and ECC fundamentals - Public key cryptography principles |
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NEW QUESTION # 75
(Which mechanism can be applied to protect the integrity of plaintext when using AES?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
AES by itself is a symmetric block cipher that provides confidentiality, but not guaranteed integrity unless used in an authenticated mode. To protect integrity of the plaintext (ensuring it has not been altered), a Message Authentication Code (MAC) can be applied. In the classic Encrypt-then-MAC pattern, the sender encrypts the plaintext with AES and then computes a MAC (often HMAC-SHA-256 or CMAC-AES) over the ciphertext (and relevant headers). The receiver verifies the MAC before attempting decryption, preventing tampering and many padding-oracle style vulnerabilities. Alternatively, AES can be used in an AEAD mode like AES-GCM, which produces an authentication tag serving a similar purpose, but among the listed options the general integrity mechanism is "MAC." RC4 is an unrelated stream cipher and does not provide integrity.
RSA is asymmetric and not the standard integrity add-on for AES-encrypted bulk data. Kerberos is an authentication protocol and key distribution system, not a message integrity primitive. Therefore, to protect plaintext integrity when using AES, the correct mechanism is a Message Authentication Code.
NEW QUESTION # 76
(Two people want to communicate through secure email. The person creating the email wants to ensure only their friend can decrypt the email. Which key should the person creating the email use to encrypt the message?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
To ensure confidentiality so that only the intended recipient can decrypt an email, the sender must encrypt in a way that only the recipient can reverse. In public key cryptography, that means encrypting with the recipient's public key. The recipient is the only party who should possess the matching private key, so only they can decrypt the ciphertext. This pattern is fundamental to PKI-based secure email systems such as S/MIME and OpenPGP: the sender looks up or is provided the recipient's certificate/public key, encrypts the message (often by encrypting a randomly generated symmetric session key with the recipient's public key), and the recipient uses their private key to recover the session key and decrypt the content. Encrypting with the sender' s private key would not provide confidentiality; it resembles signing because anyone with the sender's public key could "decrypt" it. Encrypting with a private key of the recipient is also incorrect because private keys are not shared and should never leave the recipient's control. Therefore, the correct key to encrypt the message so only the friend can decrypt it is the recipient's public key.
NEW QUESTION # 77
(Which encryption algorithm uses an 80-bit key and operates on 64-bit data blocks?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Skipjack is a symmetric block cipher historically associated with the Clipper chip initiative. Its defining parameters match the question: it operates on 64-bit blocks and uses an 80-bit key. The other options do not fit those exact sizes. Twofish is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes up to 256 bits. Blowfish is a
64-bit block cipher, but its key size is variable from 32 up to 448 bits and is not fixed at 80 bits as a defining property. Camellia is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. Skipjack's smaller key size and legacy design make it unsuitable for modern security needs, but the question is purely about identifying the algorithm that matches an 80-bit key and 64-bit blocks. Therefore, the correct answer is Skipjack.
NEW QUESTION # 78
(Which is a primary reason for ethical concerns about encryption?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
Ethical concerns about encryption commonly arise from the tension between individual privacy/security and societal needs such as law enforcement, national security, and public safety. Strong end-to-end encryption can prevent unauthorized parties from accessing data, including criminals and foreign adversaries, but it can also limit legitimate government access to communications and evidence-even with warrants-because providers may not possess the keys needed to decrypt. This has fueled debates around "going dark," lawful access, and proposals for exceptional access mechanisms or backdoors. Critics argue that weakening encryption for access would create systemic risk, since any intentional vulnerability can be exploited by malicious actors, while proponents emphasize investigative needs in serious cases. Regardless of the stance, the primary ethical concern reflected in policy debates is that encryption complicates government access to information that may be crucial for preventing or investigating crime. The other options do not capture the main ethical controversy: encryption is widely beneficial beyond corporations, and it is not primarily about speed or storage reduction. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
NEW QUESTION # 79
(What is a component of a one-time password (OTP) that is needed to guess future iterations of passwords?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
OTP systems (such as HOTP and TOTP) generate a sequence of passwords using a shared secret and a moving factor (counter or time). The critical secret that underpins the ability to compute past or future OTP values is the seed (also called the shared secret key). In HOTP, the seed is used with an HMAC function and an incrementing counter; in TOTP, the seed is used with HMAC and a time-step value. If an attacker obtains the seed and knows the algorithm and moving factor, they can compute future OTPs. The "function" and
"encryption algorithm" are typically standardized and public; security relies on keeping the seed secret. An initialization vector is not a standard OTP component in HOTP/TOTP generation. Therefore, the component needed to predict future OTP values is the seed. Protecting the seed is essential: it should be stored securely (e.
g., hardware token secure storage) and transmitted only through controlled provisioning processes. If compromised, OTP becomes predictable and no longer serves as a strong second factor.
NEW QUESTION # 80
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