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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Full Virtualization | 25% | - Virtualization Concepts and Theory
|
| Topic 2: VM Deployment and Provisioning | 10% | - Packer
|
| Topic 3: Container Virtualization | 25% | - Docker
|
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NEW QUESTION # 101
FILL BLANK
What LXC command lists containers sorted by their CPU, block I/O or memory consumption? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)
Answer:
Explanation:
lxc-top
NEW QUESTION # 102
Which of the following statements are true about sparse images in the context of virtual machine storage?
(Choose two.)
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Explanation
Sparse images are a type of virtual disk images that grow in size as data is written to them, but do not shrink when data is deleted from them. Sparse images may consume an amount of space different from their nominal size, which is the maximum size that the image can grow to. For example, a sparse image with a nominal size of 100 GB may only take up 20 GB of physical storage if only 20 GB of data is written to it. Sparse images allocate backend storage at the first usage of a block, which means that the physical storage is only used when the virtual machine actually writes data to a block. This can save storage space and improve performance, as the image does not need to be pre-allocated or zeroed out.
Sparse images are not automatically shrunk when files within the image are deleted, because the virtual machine does not inform the host system about the freed blocks. To reclaim the unused space, a special tool such as virt-sparsify1 or qemu-img2 must be used to compact the image. Sparse images can be used with both full virtualization and paravirtualization, as the type of virtualization does not affect the format of the disk image. Sparse images are not automatically resized when their maximum capacity is about to be exceeded, because this would require changing the partition table and the filesystem of the image, which is not a trivial task. To resize a sparse image, a tool such as virt-resize3 or qemu-img2 must be used to increase the nominal size and the filesystem size of the image. References: 1 (search for "virt-sparsify"), 2 (search for
"qemu-img"), 3 (search for "virt-resize").
NEW QUESTION # 103
Which of the following statements in aDockerfileleads to a container which outputs hello world? (Choose two.)
Answer: D,E
Explanation:
The ENTRYPOINT instruction in a Dockerfile specifies the default command to run when a container is started from the image. The ENTRYPOINT instruction can be written in two forms: exec form and shell form. The exec form uses a JSON array to specify the command and its arguments, such as [ "executable",
"param1", "param2" ]. The shell form uses a single string to specify the command and its arguments, such as
"executable param1 param2". The shell form is converted to the exec form by adding /bin/sh -c to the beginning of the command. Therefore, the following statements in a Dockerfile are equivalent and will lead to a container that outputs hello world:
ENTRYPOINT [ "echo hello world" ] ENTRYPOINT [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "echo hello world" ] ENTRYPOINT
"echo hello world" ENTRYPOINT [ "echo", "hello", "world" ] ENTRYPOINT [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "echo",
"hello", "world" ] ENTRYPOINT "echo hello world"
The other statements in the question are invalid or incorrect. The statement A. ENTRYPOINT "echo Hello World" is invalid because it uses double quotes to enclose the entire command, which is not allowed in the shell form. The statement D. ENTRYPOINT echo Hello World is incorrect because it does not use quotes to enclose the command, which is required in the shell form. The statement E. ENTRYPOINT "echo", "Hello",
"World" is invalid because it uses double quotes to separate the command and its arguments, which is not allowed in the exec form. References:
* Dockerfile reference | Docker Docs
* Using the Dockerfile ENTRYPOINT and CMD Instructions - ATA Learning
* Difference Between run, cmd and entrypoint in a Dockerfile
NEW QUESTION # 104
Which of the following statements is true regarding networking with libvirt?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Libvirt supports creating and managing various types of virtual networks that can be used to connect virtual machines to each other or to the external network. One of the common types of virtual networks is the NAT-based network, which uses network address translation (NAT) to allow virtual machines to access the outside world through the host's network interface. By default, libvirt creates a NAT-based network called
'default' when it is installed and started. This network appears as a standard Linux bridge device on the host system, named virbr0. The bridge device has an IP address of 192.168.122.1/24 and acts as a gateway and a DHCP server for the virtual machines connected to it. The bridge device also has iptables rules to forward and masquerade the traffic from and to the virtual machines. The virtual machines connected to the 'default' network have their own IP addresses in the 192.168.122.0/24 range and their own MAC addresses generated by libvirt. The virtual machines can communicate with each other, with the host, and with the external network through the bridge device and the NAT mechanism12.
The other statements in the question are false regarding networking with libvirt. Libvirt's network functionality is not limited to connecting virtual machines to a physical network interface of the host system. Libvirt can also create isolated networks that do not have any connection to the outside world, or routed networks that use static routes to connect virtual machines to the external network without NAT3.
Libvirt does not assign the same MAC address to all virtual machines and isolate their network interfaces at the link layer. Libvirt assigns a unique MAC address to each virtual machine and allows them to communicate with each other at the network layer4. Libvirt does not require a dedicated network interface that may not be used by the host system. Libvirt can share the host's network interface with the virtual machines using NAT or bridging, or it can pass a physical network interface to a virtual machine exclusively using PCI passthrough5.
Libvirt does not support exactly one virtual network and connect all virtual machines to it. Libvirt supports creating and managing multiple virtual networks with different names and configurations, and connecting virtual machines to different networks according to their needs6. References:
* libvirt: Virtual Networking
* libvirt: NAT forwarding (aka "virtual networks")
* libvirt: Routed network
* libvirt: MAC address
* libvirt: PCI passthrough of host network devices
* [libvirt: Network XML format]
NEW QUESTION # 105
Which command in the KVM monitor restores a snapshot?
Answer:
Explanation:
loadvm
Explanation:
In KVM and QEMU-based virtualization environments, the QEMU monitor provides an interactive interface for managing virtual machine runtime operations. According to KVM documentation, the command used to restore a previously saved snapshot within the monitor is loadvm.
Snapshots capture the state of a virtual machine at a specific point in time, including CPU state, memory, and disk state (depending on configuration). The loadvm command allows administrators to revert a virtual machine back to that saved state, which is especially useful for testing, debugging, and recovery scenarios.
This command is typically used in conjunction with the savevm command, which creates snapshots. The functionality is supported primarily with disk formats such as QCOW2, which allow snapshot capabilities.
Therefore, the correct and documented command is loadvm.
NEW QUESTION # 106
......
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