Cilium-Associateクラムメディア、Cilium-Associate認定テキスト

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Linux Foundation Cilium-Associate Exam Syllabus Topics:

Section	Weight	Objectives
BGP and External Networking	6%	- Egress Connectivity Requirements 1. Understand Options to Connect Cilium-managed Clusters with External Networks
Cluster Mesh	10%	- Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity 1. Achieve Service Discovery and Load Balancing Across Clusters with Cluster Mesh
Architecture	20%	- Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments 1. Cilium Architecture 2. IP Address Management (IPAM) with Cilium 3. Cilium Component Roles 4. Datapath Models
Installation and Configuration	10%	- Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration 1. Using Cilium CLI to Install Cilium, Run Connectivity Tests, and Monitor its Status
Service Mesh	16%	- Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing 1. Understand the Benefits of Gateway API over Ingress 2. Service Mesh Use Cases 3. Encrypting Traffic in Transit with Cilium 4. Sidecar-based versus Sidecarless Architectures
Network Observability	10%	- Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble 1. Enabling Layer 7 Protocol Visibility 2. Know How to Use Hubble from the Command Line or the Hubble UI
eBPF	10%	- Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium 1. eBPF-based Platforms versus IPTables-based Platforms 2. eBPF Key Benefits
Network Policy	18%	- Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent 1. Kubernetes Network Policies versus Cilium Network Policies 2. Policy Enforcement Modes 3. Policy Rule Structure 4. Understand Cilium's Identity-based Network Security Model

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Linux Foundation Cilium Certified AssociateCCA 認定 Cilium-Associate 試験問題 (Q40-Q45):

質問 # 40
Which component manages the allocation of per-node PodCIDRs in the cluster-scope IPAM (IP address management) mode?

A. The Cllium Agents on the nodes.
B. Kubernetes through the host-scope IPAM.
C. Cilium Operator via CiliumNode resource.
D. Kubernetes through the Node resource.

正解：C

解説：
Technical explanation
In cluster-scope IPAM, the Cilium Operator allocates a PodCIDR to each node from the configured cluster- wide address pool. It records those allocations in each node's CiliumNode custom resource, specifically under spec.ipam.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for this allocation during startup and then performs host-local allocation of individual pod addresses from the CIDR assigned to its node.
This division of responsibility explains why C is correct. The agent consumes its assigned range and allocates endpoint addresses locally, but it does not independently choose the cluster-wide per-node PodCIDR. The Operator coordinates those ranges to prevent nodes from receiving overlapping allocations.
Options A and D describe Kubernetes host-scope IPAM rather than Cilium cluster-scope IPAM. In Kubernetes host-scope mode, the Kubernetes controller manager assigns PodCIDRs and exposes them through spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs in the standard Kubernetes Node resource. Cluster-scope mode is specifically useful when Kubernetes is not configured to perform that allocation or when Cilium should control the cluster address pool.
Therefore, the managing component and resource are the Cilium Operator and CiliumNode , respectively.
Official references
Cluster-Pool IPAM ; Cluster Scope IPAM .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.

質問 # 41
A Kubernetes cluster is not currently running Cilium as a CNI, but the user would like to benefit from Hubbies observability capabilities on your cluster. Which one of the following options is NOT possible?

A. Install Hubble on the cluster without Cilium. Hubble can be deployed in a standalone model by downloading and installing the Hubble binary
B. Install Cilium and Hubble on top of the cluster in a CNI chaining model, without disrupting the existing CNI.
C. Migrating to Cilium and Hubble on a node-by-node basis, without requiring a complete cluster outage, by using Dual Overlays.
D. Migrating to Cilium and Hubble by reconfiguring /etc/cni/net .6/ to point to Cilium and restarting the nodes, accepting an outage.

正解：A

解説：
Technical explanation
Hubble is Cilium's integrated observability layer and consumes flow events produced by Cilium's eBPF datapath and embedded Hubble servers. The Hubble CLI is only a client; downloading its binary does not install a standalone datapath or create flow data on a cluster that lacks Cilium. Option B is therefore the operation that is not possible.
The other approaches represent recognized Cilium deployment or migration models. A direct migration can replace the CNI configuration and recycle workloads or nodes, although a naive cluster-wide transition can disrupt connectivity. CNI chaining allows Cilium to operate with another CNI: the existing plugin continues to provide basic connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created interfaces to provide visibility, policy, and other functions. Cilium also documents migration through dual overlays. In that model, the old and new networks coexist temporarily, nodes are moved in a controlled sequence, and workloads attached to either overlay retain connectivity when the documented addressing and routing requirements are met.
The supplied bank incorrectly marks A. The verified answer is B because Hubble requires Cilium-managed observability data.
Official references
Setting up Hubble Observability ; CNI Chaining ; Migrating a cluster to Cilium .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.

質問 # 42
Which statement about Cilium's identity-based security model is correct?

A. By using an IP-address security model, identities can be shared between pods.
B. An endpoint identity Is identified by labels and is tied to a single namespace.
C. Security is based on the identity of a pod, which is derived through labels.
D. Cilium enforces security based on IP addresses as it provides better scalability and flexibility.

正解：C

解説：
Technical explanation
Cilium derives a workload's security identity from its security-relevant labels. Network policies then refer to workload characteristics such as application, role, environment, namespace, or service account rather than depending exclusively on transient pod IP addresses. The identity is associated with traffic in the Cilium datapath and validated when policy is enforced. This makes B the accurate description.
The identity is not limited to a single pod. Endpoints that have the same set of identity-relevant labels can share the same numeric security identity, including endpoints located on different cluster nodes. This reduces policy-map growth and allows policy to scale with logical application groups rather than with the number of pod addresses. Namespace information is normally among the labels used to derive identity, but that does not make an identity inherently "tied to a single namespace" as option A states.
Options C and D invert Cilium's design. IP addresses remain necessary for packet delivery, but they are not the primary security identifier for Cilium-managed workloads. Pods can be recreated and assigned new addresses while retaining the same relevant labels and therefore the same security intent. Decoupling identity from addressing is precisely what improves scalability and operational stability.
Official references
Cilium Terminology and Identity ; Introduction to Cilium and Hubble .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.

質問 # 43
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?

A. For traffic management features, such as gRPC parsing.
B. For traffic management features, such as Layer 3/Layer 4 forwarding.
C. For traffic management features, such as DNS parsing.
D. For traffic management features, such as Kafka parsing.

正解：B

解説：
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.

質問 # 44
Which of the following best describes how eBPF is used within Cilium9

A. Cilium leverages eBPF to enforce network security policies at the kernel level. Security rules are translated into eBPF programs that are attached to kernel network hooks, allowing packet filtering based on these rules.
B. Cilium uses eBPF to provide a reliable and scalable DNS infrastructure for Kubernetes clusters, enabling seamless communication between services and facilitating service discovery within the cluster
C. Cilium is a security-related project that utilizes eBPF for real-time network security analysis. It employs eBPF to detect and respond to network security threats by inspecting network traffic.
D. Cilium utilizes eBPF to gather real-time insights Into network traffic, Including data on latency, bandwidth, and data flows between services. This data Is exposed through a user interface and can be used for network troubleshooting and optimization.

正解：A

解説：
Technical explanation
D most precisely describes Cilium's foundational use of eBPF. The Cilium agent translates desired networking and security state into eBPF programs and maps, then attaches those programs to Linux kernel hook points such as traffic-control ingress and egress, XDP, cgroups, and sockets. Packets can consequently be classified, permitted, dropped, redirected, load-balanced, or forwarded without requiring changes to the protected application.
Endpoint-policy programs associate traffic with Cilium security identities and perform Layer 3 and Layer 4 enforcement in the kernel. Traffic requiring Layer 7 inspection can be redirected from the eBPF datapath to Envoy. This combination provides efficient kernel-level enforcement while retaining application-aware controls.
Option A describes an important Hubble observability outcome, but it is narrower than Cilium's primary networking and enforcement model and overstates what is necessarily exposed through a UI. Option B mischaracterizes Cilium as DNS infrastructure; Cilium can enforce DNS-aware policies but does not replace Kubernetes DNS service discovery. Option C is too generic and implies a conventional threat-detection product rather than identity-based networking and policy enforcement.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction , Introduction to Cilium and Hubble
Study Guide topic: Kernel hooks, endpoint policy, identities, and eBPF datapath enforcement.

質問 # 45
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