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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Macroeconomic Environment | - GDP, inflation, and unemployment - Fiscal and monetary policy |
| Topic 2: Foundations of Economics | - Market systems and economic models - Scarcity, opportunity cost, and economic reasoning |
| Topic 3: Managerial Economic Decision-Making | - Risk and uncertainty in global markets - Cost-benefit analysis in business contexts |
| Topic 4: Microeconomics for Managers | - Supply and demand analysis - Elasticity and pricing decisions - Market structures and competition |
| Topic 5: Global Economics | - International trade and comparative advantage - Exchange rates and currency systems - Global economic institutions and trade policy |
>> Global-Economics-for-Managers技術問題 <<
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質問 # 134
The formula "fixed costs (FC) + variable costs (VC)" represents which quantity?
正解:D
解説:
InGlobal Economics for Managers,total cost (TC)is defined as the sum offixed costs (FC)andvariable costs (VC), making option C correct. The formula is:
TC = FC + VC
Fixed costs do not change with output in the short run, while variable costs vary with production. Total cost captures the full cost of producing a given level of output.
Average cost divides total cost by quantity, marginal cost measures the cost of one additional unit, and implicit cost reflects opportunity costs.
Therefore, option C correctly identifies total cost.
質問 # 135
When confronting MNEs, the extender strategy centers on what?
正解:C
解説:
InGlobal Economics for Managers, theextender strategycenters onleveraging homegrown competencies abroad, making option A the correct answer. This strategy is typically adopted by firms whose competitive assets are strong and transferable across borders and that operate in industries with significant pressure to globalize.
Homegrown competencies may include proprietary technology, strong brands, efficient production processes, or superior managerial know-how developed in the domestic market. Under an extender strategy, firms take these existing strengths and apply them to foreign markets, often through exporting, licensing, franchising, or foreign direct investment. The goal is to extend the firm's competitive advantage beyond national borders without fundamentally altering its core business model.
Option B describes adodger or collaborator strategy, which emphasizes cooperation rather than independent expansion. Option C aligns more closely with adefender strategy, where firms rely on local advantages to resist foreign competition. Option D reflects elements of acontender strategy, where firms prioritize learning before expanding internationally.
The extender strategy is particularly effective when firms face global competitors but already possess assets that can be scaled internationally at relatively low cost. For managers, understanding this strategy is critical for deciding when and how to internationalize operations in response to MNE competition.
Thus, option A accurately reflects the central focus of the extender strategy as defined inGlobal Economics for Managers.
質問 # 136
What are common types of barriers to entry that can cause a monopoly? (Choose TWO.)
正解:C、F
解説:
InGlobal Economics for Managers, monopolies arise whenbarriers to entryprevent potential competitors from entering a market. Two common barriers areeconomies of scaleandgovernment-granted exclusive rights, making options B and E correct.
Economies of scaleoccur when average costs decline as output increases. In industries with very high fixed costs, a single large firm can produce at a lower cost than multiple smaller firms. This discourages entry because new firms cannot compete efficiently at small scales, leading to monopoly outcomes.
Government regulations granting exclusive production rights-such as patents, licenses, or exclusive franchises-also create monopolies by legally preventing competition. These barriers are intentional and often justified to encourage innovation or ensure service provision.
Option A does not restrict entry. Option C may limit foreign competition but does not necessarily create a monopoly. Option D does not prevent entry. Option F may increase market concentration but is not a structural entry barrier itself.
Thus, options B and E are correct.
質問 # 137
Which entrant is able to erect significant barriers for other entrants?
正解:B
解説:
InGlobal Economics for Managers, afirst moveris a firm that enters a market early and is often able toerect significant barriers to entry, making option B correct.
First movers can secure scarce resources, establish strong brand recognition, achieve economies of scale, and set technological or industry standards. These advantages make it difficult for later entrants to compete effectively.
Late movers benefit from reduced uncertainty but rarely control key assets. Contenders and dodgers are strategic responses to multinational enterprises, not timing-based entry categories.
Therefore, option B correctly identifies the entrant most capable of erecting significant entry barriers.
質問 # 138
In which situation is the dodger strategy appropriate for responding to multinational enterprises (MNEs)?
正解:B
解説:
InGlobal Economics for Managers, thedodger strategyis appropriate whenindustry pressure to globalize is low and a firm's competitive assets are customized to its home market, making option D correct.
Under this strategy, firms avoid direct confrontation with multinational enterprises by focusing on niche markets, specialized products, or protected domestic segments. Since globalization pressure is weak, firms are not forced to expand internationally, and their localized assets give them an advantage at home.
Dodgers may also cooperate selectively with MNEs or operate in areas where global competition is limited.
This strategy minimizes risk and preserves firm-specific advantages without costly global expansion.
Options A and B align with extender strategies. Option C aligns with contender strategies.
Thus, option D correctly identifies when the dodger strategy is appropriate.
質問 # 139
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