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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Application Observability and Maintenance | 15% | - Understand API deprecations - Implement probes and health checks - Debug applications in Kubernetes - Work with container logs - Monitor applications using CLI tools |
| Topic 2: Application Environment, Configuration and Security | 25% | - Understand authentication, authorization and admission control - Configure resource requirements, limits and quotas - Work with ConfigMaps - Use custom resources and extensions - Create and consume Secrets - Use ServiceAccounts - Apply application security settings |
| Topic 3: Services and Networking | 20% | - Expose applications via Services - Troubleshoot network access - Use Ingress rules - Understand and apply NetworkPolicies |
| Topic 4: Application Design and Build | 20% | - Utilize persistent and ephemeral volumes - Define, build and modify container images - Understand multi-container Pod design patterns - Choose and use appropriate workload resources |
| Topic 5: Application Deployment | 20% | - Work with Kustomize - Implement deployment strategies - Use Helm package manager - Manage Deployments, rolling updates and rollbacks |
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NEW QUESTION # 81
Exhibit:
Context
You are tasked to create a secret and consume the secret in a pod using environment variables as follow:
Task
* Create a secret named another-secret with a key/value pair; key1/value4
* Start an nginx pod named nginx-secret using container image nginx, and add an environment variable exposing the value of the secret key key 1, using COOL_VARIABLE as the name for the environment variable inside the pod
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 82
You have a Kustomization file that defines a Deployment with two replicas. You want to configure the deployment to use a different image tag based on the environment it is deployed to- For example, in the 'dev' environment, the image tag should be 'example/nginx:dev' , while in the 'prod' environment, it should be 'example:nginx:prod'. Describe how to achieve this using Kustomize.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a base Kustomization file:
resources :
- deployment. yaml
2. Create a deployment-yaml file:
3. Create environment-specific overlays: - For dev environment
- For prod environment:
4. Create a patch.yaml file:
5. Apply Kustomize: - For dev environment: bash Kustomize dev I oubect1 apply -f - - For prod environment: bash Kustomize prod I oubect1 apply -f - - The base customization file defines the resources that are included in the deployment. - The environment-specific overlays patch the base resources With the appropriate image tag. - The patchesStrategicMerge' field applies the patch.yaml tile to the deployment. - The '{{.environment}Y placeholder in the patch file is replaced with the actual environment name when Kustomize is applied. This approach allows you to easily manage and deploy your applications to different environments with specific configuration settings.
NEW QUESTION # 83
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh ckad00032
The Pod for the Deployment named nosql in the haddock namespace fails to start because its Container runs out of resources.
Update the nosql Deployment so that the Container :
* requests 128Mi of memory
* limits the memory to half the maximum memory constraint set for the haddock namespace See the Explanation below for complete solution.
Answer:
Explanation:
Goal: fix nosql Deployment in haddock so the container stops OOM'ing by setting:
* memory request = 128Mi
* memory limit = half of the namespace's maximum memory constraint
You must do this on the correct host.
0) Connect to the correct host
ssh ckad00032
1) Confirm the failing Deployment / Pods
kubectl -n haddock get deploy nosql
kubectl -n haddock get pods -l app=nosql 2>/dev/null || kubectl -n haddock get pods If pods are crashing, check why (you'll likely see OOMKilled):
kubectl -n haddock describe pod <pod-name>
2) Find the maximum memory constraint set for the haddock namespace
In CKAD labs, this is commonly enforced by a LimitRange (max memory per container). Sometimes it can also be a ResourceQuota.
2A) Check LimitRange (most likely)
kubectl -n haddock get limitrange
kubectl -n haddock get limitrange -o yaml
Extract the max memory value quickly:
MAX_MEM=$(kubectl -n haddock get limitrange -o jsonpath='{.items[0].spec.limits[0].max.memory}') echo "Namespace max memory constraint: $MAX_MEM"
2B) If no LimitRange exists, check ResourceQuota
kubectl -n haddock get resourcequota
kubectl -n haddock describe resourcequota
If quota is used, you're looking for something like limits.memory (but the question wording "maximum memory constraint" usually points to LimitRange max.memory).
3) Compute "half of the max memory constraint"
Run this small snippet to compute HALF in Mi (handles Mi and Gi):
HALF_MEM=$(python3 - <<'PY'
import os, re
q = os.environ.get("MAX_MEM","").strip()
m = re.fullmatch(r"(\d+)(Mi|Gi)", q)
if not m:
raise SystemExit(f"Cannot parse MAX_MEM='{q}'. Expected like 512Mi or 1Gi.") val = int(m.group(1)) unit = m.group(2)
# convert to Mi
mi = val if unit == "Mi" else val * 1024
half_mi = mi // 2
print(f"{half_mi}Mi")
PY
)
echo "Half of max: $HALF_MEM"
Example: if MAX_MEM=512Mi # HALF_MEM=256Mi
Example: if MAX_MEM=1Gi # HALF_MEM=512Mi
4) Update the nosql Deployment (DO NOT delete it)
First, get the container name (Deployment may have a custom container name):
kubectl -n haddock get deploy nosql -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[*].name}{"\n"}' Now set resources (this updates the Deployment in-place):
kubectl -n haddock set resources deploy nosql \
--requests=memory=128Mi \
--limits=memory=$HALF_MEM
5) Ensure the update rolls out successfully
kubectl -n haddock rollout status deploy nosql
6) Verify the pod has the right requests/limits
kubectl -n haddock get deploy nosql -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].resources}{"\n"}' kubectl -n haddock get pods Pick the new pod and confirm:
kubectl -n haddock describe pod <new-pod-name> | sed -n '/Requests:/,/Limits:/p' You should see:
* Requests: memory 128Mi
* Limits: memory <HALF_MEM>
If rollout fails (common cause)
If you accidentally set a limit above the namespace max, pods won't start. Check events:
kubectl -n haddock describe deploy nosql
kubectl -n haddock get events --sort-by=.lastTimestamp | tail -n 20
NEW QUESTION # 84
You are running a critical application in Kubernetes tnat requires nign availability and IOW latency. The application uses a statefulset With 3 replicas, each consuming a large amount of memory. You need to define resource requests and limits for the pods to ensure that the application operates smoothly and doesn't get evicted due to resource constraints.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Determine Resource Requirements:
- Analyze tne application's memory usage. Determine tne average memory consumption per pod and the peak memory usage.
- Consider the resources available on your Kubernetes nodes.
- Define realistic requests and limits based on the application's needs and available node resources.
2. Define Resource Requests and Limits in the StatefuISet:
- Update the StatefuISet YAML configuration with resource requests and limits for the container.
- requests: Specifies the minimum amount of resources the pod will request
- limits: Specifies the maximum amount of resources the pod can use.
3. Apply the StatefulSet Configuration: - Apply the updated StatefulSet configuration to your Kubernetes cluster: bash kubectl apply -f my-critical-app-statefulset.yaml 4. Monitor Resource Usage: - Use 'kubectl describe pod' to monitor the resource usage of the pods. - Ensure that the pods are utilizing the requested resources and not exceeding the limits.
NEW QUESTION # 85
You are developing a Kubernetes application that requires dynamic configuration updates. You decide to utilize ConfigMaps to manage these configurations. You have a ConfigMap named 'app-config' containing the following configuration:
Your application retrieves these configuration values from the 'app-config' ConfigMap. You need to update the 'database_password' value without restarting the application pods. How can you achieve this?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
I). Update the ConfigMap:
- Create a new ConfigMap with the updated 'database_password' value.
- Replace "password123" with your new desired password.
- Apply the updated ConfigMap using the following command: bash kubectl apply -f updated_app_config.yaml 2. Verify the Update: - Use the 'kubectl get configmap app-config -o yaml' command to verify that the 'database_password' value has been updated in the ConfigMap. 3. Application Reloads: - Ensure that your application is configured to watch for changes in the ContigMap and automatically reload the configuration when it detects an update. This behavior will depend on your application's code and how it interacts with Kubernetes. Common approaches involve: - Using a sidecar container that watches the ConfigMap for changes. - Integrating with tools like Kubernetes ConfigMap Reloader- This approach allows you to update the without restarting the application pods, minimizing downtime and ensuring a smooth transitiom ,
NEW QUESTION # 86
......
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