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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Digital Signature Standards - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) |
| Applied Cryptography | - SSL/TLS Protocols - VPN Security - PGP and Email Encryption - Cryptographic Best Practices |
| Asymmetric Cryptography | - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - RSA Algorithm - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) |
| Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Social Engineering Prevention - Common Attack Vectors |
| Symmetric Cryptography | - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Stream Ciphers - Key Management |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - Cryptographic Terminology - History and Evolution of Cryptography |
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NEW QUESTION # 16
(Which default port must be allowed by firewalls for the key exchange of the IPsec handshaking process to be successful?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
IPsec's initial key exchange is commonly performed using IKE (Internet Key Exchange), which negotiates Security Associations (SAs), authenticates peers, and establishes shared keys for ESP/AH protection. The traditional and default transport for IKEv1 and IKEv2 is UDP port 500. During negotiation, peers exchange proposals (crypto suites), perform Diffie-Hellman to derive key material, and authenticate using pre-shared keys, certificates, or EAP methods. If a firewall blocks UDP 500, the IKE negotiation cannot begin, preventing IPsec tunnels from forming. In many real deployments, NAT traversal is also used; in that case, traffic typically shifts to UDP 4500 (NAT-T) after detection of NAT, but UDP 500 is still required for the initial exchange and NAT detection in many configurations. TCP 500 is not standard for IKE. Port 443 is associated with HTTPS/TLS and some SSL VPNs, not IPsec IKE. Therefore, among the options provided, the firewall must allow UDP 500 for IPsec key exchange to succeed.
NEW QUESTION # 17
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 18
(Employee A needs to send Employee B a symmetric key for confidential communication. Which key is used to encrypt the symmetric key?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
When securely distributing a symmetric key over an untrusted network, a common approach is hybrid cryptography: use asymmetric cryptography to protect the symmetric key, then use the symmetric key for bulk encryption. To ensure only Employee B can recover the symmetric key, Employee A encrypts (wraps) that symmetric key using Employee B's public key. Because only Employee B should possess the matching private key, only B can decrypt the wrapped symmetric key. This is the same principle used in TLS key exchange (in older RSA key transport) and in secure email: encrypt the session key to the recipient's public key. Encrypting the symmetric key with Employee A's private key would not provide confidentiality-anyone with A's public key could reverse it, and it functions more like a signature than encryption. Employee B's private key should never be shared and is used only by B to decrypt. Therefore, for confidentiality of the shared symmetric key, the correct encryption key is Employee B's public key.
NEW QUESTION # 19
(How can auditing enhance an organization ' s cryptographic practices?)
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 20
(Which mode of encryption converts data into a stream encryption and then uses a counter value and a nonce to encrypt the data?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
CTR (Counter) mode converts a block cipher into a stream-like encryption method by generating a keystream from encrypted counter blocks. The core idea is to construct a sequence of input blocks using a nonce (unique per message/session) plus an incrementing counter. Each nonce||counter block is encrypted with the block cipher under the shared key; the output is a pseudorandom block that is XORed with plaintext to produce ciphertext. Decryption repeats the same keystream generation and XORs with ciphertext to recover plaintext.
CTR offers practical benefits: it is highly parallelizable, supports precomputation of keystream blocks, and allows random access to any block without needing previous blocks (unlike CBC). ECB and CBC are block modes that do not use nonce+counter keystream generation. CFB is a feedback mode that can behave stream- like, but it does not use the explicit counter/nonce construction characteristic of CTR. CTR's security hinges on never reusing the same nonce/counter sequence with the same key, because that would reuse the keystream and enable XOR-based plaintext recovery. Therefore, the correct mode is Counter (CTR).
NEW QUESTION # 21
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