Applied-Probability-and-Statistics試験は難しいです。だから、Applied-Probability-and-Statistics復習教材を買いました。本当に助かりました。先月、Applied-Probability-and-Statistics試験に参加しました。今日は、試験の結果をチエックし、嬉しいことに、Applied-Probability-and-Statistics試験に合格しました。Applied-Probability-and-Statistics復習教材は有効的な資料です。
| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Descriptive Statistics | - Data visualization
|
| Topic 2: Probability Distributions | - Continuous distributions
|
| Topic 3: Statistical Inference | - Hypothesis testing
|
| Topic 4: Regression and Correlation | - Relationship analysis
|
| Topic 5: Probability | - Probability rules
|
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質問 # 27
In a game, a coin is tossed, and a spinner with 8 equal spaces numbered 1 through 8 is spun.
What is the probability of getting heads on the coin and a number less than 3 on the spinner?
正解：D
解説：
This experiment has two independent stages: tossing a coin and spinning a numbered spinner. The probability of getting heads on a fair coin is 1/2. The spinner has 8 equally likely outcomes numbered 1 through 8. A number less than 3 means either 1 or 2, so there are 2 favorable spinner outcomes out of 8 total outcomes.
Thus, P(number less than 3) = 2/8 = 1/4. Since the coin result does not affect the spinner result, the events are independent. For independent events connected by "and," multiply the probabilities: 1/2 × 1/4 = 1/8.
Equivalently, the combined sample space has 2 coin outcomes times 8 spinner outcomes, or 16 total equally likely outcomes. The favorable outcomes are heads with 1 and heads with 2, giving 2/16 = 1/8. References
/topics from the Study Guide: independent events, sample spaces, multiplication rule, theoretical probability.
質問 # 28
Probability of rolling sum = 12 = ?
正解：C
解説：
Rolling two six-sided dice produces 36 equally likely ordered outcomes. A sum of 12 can occur only when both dice show 6, giving the single ordered pair (6, 6). Since there is exactly 1 favorable outcome out of 36 total outcomes, the probability is 1/36. This is structurally similar to rolling a sum of 2, where only (1, 1) works. Option B, 1/6, is much too large and would apply to one specified face on one die. Option C, 2/36, would require two different ordered outcomes, but no pair other than (6, 6) sums to 12. Option D, 1/12, also overstates the probability. Extreme sums such as 2 and 12 are least likely because they have only one possible ordered combination. Study Guide references/topics: sample spaces, dice sums, theoretical probability, equally likely outcomes.
質問 # 29
A biologist is studying the relationship between plant species, species A, species B, and species C, and the average height of the plants.
How should this study be classified?
正解：D
解説：
This study compares two variables: plant species and average plant height. Plant species is categorical because it places each plant into a named group, such as species A, species B, or species C. These categories are labels rather than numerical measurements. Average height, however, is quantitative because it is measured numerically and can be compared using arithmetic operations such as differences, averages, and ranges. Since the explanatory or grouping variable is categorical and the measured outcome is quantitative, the relationship is classified as categorical-to-quantitative. This classification determines which statistical tools are appropriate. For example, side-by-side box plots, group means, or comparative summaries would be suitable because they compare numerical measurements across categories. A categorical-to-categorical study would involve two label-based variables, such as species and color group. A quantitative-to-quantitative study would involve two numerical variables, such as height and growth rate. References/topics from the Study Guide: two-variable data, categorical variables, quantitative variables, comparative statistical summaries.
質問 # 30
A child's parents want to analyze the relationship between the daily high temperature and ice cream sales at their child's ice cream stand. They create the following scatterplot.
What is the estimated value of r, the correlation coefficient, between these variables?
正解：A
解説：
The correlation coefficient r measures both the direction and strength of a linear relationship between two quantitative variables. In this scatterplot, the points rise from lower left to upper right, showing a positive association between temperature and daily ice cream sales. As temperature increases, sales also tend to increase. The points are fairly close to an upward-sloping linear pattern, so the relationship is strong rather than weak. A value of r near 1 indicates a strong positive linear association, while a value near #1 indicates a strong negative association. Since the association is clearly positive, the negative options, #0.93 and #0.39, are not appropriate. Since the points show a strong trend rather than a loose or weak trend, 0.39 is too small.
The best estimate is 0.93. This is consistent with the visual pattern: temperature explains a substantial amount of the linear movement in ice cream sales. References/topics from the Study Guide: scatterplots, correlation coefficient, positive association, strength of linear relationship.
質問 # 31
Empirical probability = ?
正解：C
解説：
Empirical probability is probability determined from observed data rather than from a purely theoretical model. It is calculated by dividing the number of times an event actually occurs by the total number of trials or observations. For example, if a basketball player makes 72 free throws in 100 attempts, the empirical probability of a made free throw is 72/100 = 0.72. This differs from theoretical probability, which is derived from known equally likely outcomes, such as rolling a 3 on a fair six-sided die. It also differs from a guess or subjective estimate because empirical probability requires actual recorded evidence. The term "uniform" describes a distribution in which outcomes or intervals have equal probability, not the basis for empirical probability. Since the question asks for the definition of empirical probability, the correct selection is observed data. Study Guide references/topics: empirical probability, relative frequency, observed outcomes, probability interpretation.
質問 # 32
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