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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Services and Networking | 20% | - Demonstrate basic understanding of NetworkPolicies - Provide and troubleshoot access to applications via services - Use Ingress rules to expose applications |
| Application Deployment | 20% | - Use Kubernetes primitives to implement common deployment strategies (e.g., blue/green or canary) - Kustomize - Understand Deployments and how to perform rolling updates - Use the Helm package manager to deploy existing packages |
| Application Observability and Maintenance | 15% | - Utilize container logs - Understand API deprecation policies - Implement probes and health checks - Debugging in Kubernetes - Use built-in CLI tools to monitor Kubernetes applications |
| Application Environment, Configuration and Security | 25% | - Understanding and defining resource requirements, limits and quotas - SecurityContexts - ServiceAccounts - ConfigMaps and Secrets - Discover and use resources that extend Kubernetes (CRD, Operators) - Understand authentication, authorization and admission control |
| Application Design and Build | 20% | - Choose and use the right workload resource (Deployment, DaemonSet, CronJob, etc.) - Utilize persistent and ephemeral volumes - Understand multi-container Pod design patterns (e.g., sidecar, init and others) - Define, build and modify container images |
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NEW QUESTION # 19
You have a web application tnat requires a dedicated sidecar container to manage logging and monitoring. The sidecar container should be deployed alongside every pod of the application. You need to ensure that the sidecar container is always available alongside the application pods, even if the main application container ex;mences failures. Which Kubernetes resource is most suitable for this scenario and wny?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Choose DaemonSet The most suitable Kubernetes resource for this scenario is a DaemonSet.
2. Daemonset Functionality: Daemonsets ensure that a pod is running on every node in your cluster. This is ideal tor sidecar containers because they need to be present alongside tne main application pod on each node.
3. Daemonset Benefits:
- Guaranteed Availability: Daemonsets guarantee that the sidecar container is always available on the same node as the main application pod, even if the application pod is restarted or fails.
- Pod Management: DaemonSets manage the lifecycle of the sidecar container, ensuring its availability and resource allocation.
- Node-Level Deployment: Daemonsets deploy pods on all nodes, ensuring consistent functionality across the cluster
4. Implementation Example:
This DaemonSet definition specifies a pod with two containers: the 'logging-sidecar' and 'your-application'. The Slogging-sidecar' is your sidecar container, and 'your-application' represents your main application. - Important: The Daemonset will ensure that a pod with these containers is deployed on every node of your Kubernetes cluster 5. Deployment and Monitoring: - Deployment: Use 'kubectl apply -f logging-sidecar.yamr to deploy the DaemonSet. - Monitoring: Observe the pods created by the Daemonset using 'kubectl get pods'. You should see a pod with the 'logging-sidecar and 'your- application' containers running on each node- 6. Conclusion: - Using a DaemonSet to manage your sidecar container ensures its consistent availability alongside the main application pods, guaranteeing logging and monitoring capabilities even in case of pod failures-,
NEW QUESTION # 20
You are building a web application with two microservices: a frontend service ('frontend') and a backend service ( ' backend'). The frontend service requires access to the backend service, which iS exposed on port 8080 within the Kubernetes cluster. How would you configure an Ingress resource to direct traffic to the correct service based on the hostname, ensuring that the frontend service can access the backend service internally without exposing the backend service to the public internet?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service tor the Backend Service:
- Define a Service for the 'backend' service, exposing it internally within the Kubernetes cluster on port 8080.
2. Configure the Ingress Resource: - Create an Ingress resource that directs traffic to the frontend service based on the hostname, allowing the frontend service to access the backend service internally without exposing it to the public internet - Define the Ingress rule to map the hostname 'frontend-example.com' to the 'frontend' service on port 80. - Configure an Ingress rule to enable access to the 'backend' service on port 8080 using the hostname 'internal-backend-example-com' within the Kubernetes cluster.
3. Create a Secret for the Frontend TLS Certificate: - Create a Secret in Kubernetes to store the TLS certificate and key for the frontend service.
4. Apply the Resources: - Apply the Service, Ingress, and Secret YAML files to your Kubernetes cluster using 'kubectl apply -f 5. Access the Frontend Service: - Access the frontend service using the hostname 'frontend-example.com'. The frontend service can now access the backend service internally using the hostname 'internal-backend-example-com' without exposing the backend service to the public internet.]
NEW QUESTION # 21
Context
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
!
[candidate@base] $ ssh ckad00028
Task
A Pod within the Deployment named honeybee-deployment and in namespace gorilla is logging errors.
Look at the logs to identify error messages.
Look at the logs to identify error messages.
Find errors, including User
"system:serviceaccount:gorilla:default" cannot list resource "pods" [ ... ] in the namespace "gorilla" Update the Deployment honeybee-deployment to resolve the errors in the logs of the Pod.
The honeybee-deployment 's manifest file can be found at
/home/candidate/prompt-escargot/honey bee-deployment.yaml
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution.
Explanation:
ssh ckad00028
You're seeing RBAC errors like:
User "system:serviceaccount:gorilla:default" cannot list resource "pods" ... in namespace "gorilla" That means the Pod is running as the default ServiceAccount and needs permission to list pods (and possibly also get/watch).
You must fix it by updating the Deployment (via its manifest file) and giving it the proper RBAC.
1) Confirm the error in logs
kubectl -n gorilla get deploy honeybee-deployment
kubectl -n gorilla logs deploy/honeybee-deployment --tail=200
If it's CrashLooping and you need previous logs:
POD=$(kubectl -n gorilla get pods -l app=honeybee -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}' 2>/dev/null || kubectl -n gorilla get pods -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') kubectl -n gorilla logs "$POD" --previous --tail=200 You should see the "cannot list resource pods" line.
2) Create a dedicated ServiceAccount for the app
(Using a dedicated SA is standard practice; the task wants you to "resolve the errors".) kubectl -n gorilla create serviceaccount honeybee-sa kubectl -n gorilla get sa honeybee-sa
3) Create RBAC: Role + RoleBinding (namespaced)
This will allow listing pods in namespace gorilla.
cat <<'EOF' > honeybee-rbac.yaml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
name: honeybee-pod-reader
namespace: gorilla
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["pods"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: honeybee-pod-reader-binding
namespace: gorilla
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: honeybee-sa
namespace: gorilla
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Role
name: honeybee-pod-reader
EOF
Apply it:
kubectl apply -f honeybee-rbac.yaml
Quick verification (optional but very useful):
kubectl auth can-i list pods -n gorilla --as=system:serviceaccount:gorilla:honeybee-sa Should return yes.
4) Update the Deployment manifest to use the new ServiceAccount
The manifest is at:
/home/candidate/prompt-escargot/honey bee-deployment.yaml
Because there's a space in the filename, quote it.
4.1 Edit the file
cd /home/candidate/prompt-escargot
ls -l
vi "honey bee-deployment.yaml"
In the Deployment YAML, add (or set) this under:
spec.template.spec:
serviceAccountName: honeybee-sa
Example location:
spec:
template:
spec:
serviceAccountName: honeybee-sa
containers:
- name: ...
Save and exit.
4.2 Apply the updated manifest
kubectl apply -f "/home/candidate/prompt-escargot/honey bee-deployment.yaml"
5) Ensure rollout succeeds and errors are gone
kubectl -n gorilla rollout status deploy honeybee-deployment
kubectl -n gorilla logs deploy/honeybee-deployment --tail=200
Also confirm the pods now run with the right ServiceAccount:
kubectl -n gorilla get pods -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{" sa="}{.spec.
serviceAccountName}{"\n"}{end}'
You should no longer see the RBAC "cannot list pods" errors.
NEW QUESTION # 22
You have a Deployment named that runs 3 replicas of a Wordpress container. You need to implement a rolling update strategy that allows for a maximum or two pods to be unavailable at any given time during the update process. Additionally, you want to ensure that the update process is triggered automatically whenever a new image is pushed to the Docker Hub repository 'wordpress/wordpress:latest'.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. IJPdate the Deployment YAMLI
- Update the 'replicas to 2.
- Define 'maxunavailable: 2 and 'maxSurge: O' in the 'strategy.rollingupdate' section to control the rolling update process.
- Configure a 'strategy-type' to 'RollinglJpdate' to trigger a rolling update when the deployment is updated.
- Add a 'spec-template-spec-imagePullPolicy: Always" to ensure that the new image is pulled even if it exists in the pod's local cache.
2. Create the Deployment - Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f wordpress-deploymentyamr 3. Verify the Deployment: - Check the status of the deployment using 'kubectl get deployments wordpress-deployment to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. 4. Trigger the Automatic Update: - Push a new image to the 'wordpress/wordpress:latest' Docker Hub repository. 5. Monitor the Deployment: - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=wordpress' to monitor the pod updates during the rolling update process. You will observe that two pods are terminated at a time, while two new pods with the updated image are created. 6. Check for Successful Update: - Once the deployment is complete, use 'kubectl describe deployment wordpress-deployment' to see that the 'updatedReplicas' field matches the 'replicas' field, indicating a successful update.
NEW QUESTION # 23
You are running a web application within a Kubernetes cluster. The application consists of two pods, each with a resource request of 1CPU core and I GiB of memory. However, you've noticed that the application experiences performance issues during peak traffic hours. To mitigate these issues, you decide to implement resource quotas tor the namespace where the application runs. You want to ensure that the application pods receive adequate resources while preventing other applications from consuming excessive resources. Design and implement a resource quota for the namespace that sets limits for CPU and memory resources.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define the Resource Quota:
- Create a YAML file (e.g., resource-quota.yaml') containing the following resource quota configuration:
2. Apply the Resource Quota: - Apply the resource quota to the 'web-app' namespace using the following command: bash kubectl apply -f resource-quota-yaml 3. Verify the Resource Quota: - Check the status of the resource quota using the following command: bash kubectl get resourcequotas -n web-app You should see the 'web-app-quota' listed with its defined limits and requests. 4. Monitor Resource Usage: - Use the 'kubectl describe resourcequota web-app-quota -n web-apps command to monitor the current resource usage within the 'web-apps namespace- This will show you the consumed resources against the defined limits. 5. Adjust the Resource Quota: - If the resource quota is too restrictive or not restrictive enough, you can adjust the values in the 'requests' and 'limits' fields in the 'resource. quota.yaml file and reapply the resource quota using 'kubectl apply'. - The resource quota limits the total amount of resources (CPU and memory) that can be consumed by all pods in the 'web-app' namespace. - The requests' field specifies the total amount of resources that pods in the namespace can request. - The 'limits' field sets a hard limit on the total amount of resources that pods can use, preventing them from exceeding these limits. - This ensures that the web application has access to the required resources while preventing other applications in the namespace from consuming all available resources. ,
NEW QUESTION # 24
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