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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Creating A Security Program | - Developing a long-term security program - Security management organization - Defining information security policy |
| Monitoring and Improving the CSMS | - Incident detection and response - Continuous monitoring of IACS cybersecurity - Security lifecycle management |
| Addressing Risk with Selected Security Counter Measures | - Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) - Patch management - Firewalls and network security devices - Anti-virus and endpoint protection |
| Addressing Risk with Security Policy, Organization, and Awareness | - Organizational security roles and responsibilities - Security awareness and training - Security policies and procedures |
| Understanding the Current Industrial Security Environment | - Convergence of IT and OT - Security challenges in OT environments - Current state of industrial control systems security |
| Validating or Verifying the Security of Systems | - Continuous improvement of security measures - Auditing and compliance - Security validation and verification techniques |
| Addressing Risk with Implementation Measures | - Industrial network architecture and segmentation - Defense-in-depth strategy - Zones and conduits model - Access control principles |
| How Cyberattacks Happen | - Cyber threats and attack vectors - Vulnerabilities in industrial systems - Case studies of industrial cyber incidents |
| Risk Analysis | - Risk management fundamentals - Cybersecurity risk assessment concepts - Risk and vulnerability analysis techniques |
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問題 #92
What is the definition of "defense in depth" when referring to
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
答案：C
解題說明：
Defense in depth is a concept of cybersecurity that involves applying multiple layers of protection to a system or network, so that if one layer fails, another layer can prevent or mitigate an attack. Defense in depth is based on the principle that no single security measure is perfect or sufficient, and that multiple countermeasures can provide redundancy and diversity of defense. Defense in depth can also increase the cost and complexity for an attacker, as they have to overcome more obstacles and exploit more vulnerabilities to achieve their goals.
Defense in depth is one of the key concepts of the ISA/IEC 62443 series of standards, which provide guidance and best practices for securing industrial automation and control systems (IACS). The standards recommend applying defense in depth strategies at different levels of an IACS, such as the network, the system, the component, and the policy and procedure level. The standards also define different zones and conduits within an IACS, which are logical or physical groupings of assets that share common security requirements and risk levels. By applying defense in depth strategies to each zone and conduit, the security of the entire IACS can be improved. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443-1-1:2009, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 1-1:
Terminology, concepts and models1
* ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels2
* ISA/IEC 62443-4-1:2018, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 4-1: Product security development life-cycle requirements3
* ISA/IEC 62443-4-2:2019, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 4-2: Technical security requirements for IACS components4
問題 #93
What does Layer 1 of the ISO/OSI protocol stack provide?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
答案：D
解題說明：
Layer 1 of the ISO/OSI protocol stack is the physical layer, which provides the means of transmitting and receiving raw data bits over a physical medium. It defines the electrical and physical specifications of the data connection, such as the voltage levels, signal timing, cable types, connectors, and pin assignments. It does not perform any data encryption, routing, end-to-end connectivity, framing, error checking, or user applications. These functions are performed by higher layers of the protocol stack, such as the data link layer, the network layer, the transport layer, and the application layer. References: ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994, Section
6.11; ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide, Section 3.1.12
問題 #94
How many element qroups are in the "Addressinq Risk" CSMS cateqorv?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
答案：D
解題說明：
The "Addressing Risk" CSMS category consists of three element groups: Security Policy, Organization and Awareness; Selected Security Countermeasures; and Implementation of Security Program1. These element groups cover the aspects of defining the security objectives, roles and responsibilities, policies and procedures, awareness and training, security countermeasures selection and implementation, and security program execution and maintenance1. The "Addressing Risk" CSMS category aims to reduce the security risk to an acceptable level by applying appropriate security measures to the system under consideration (SuC)1. References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1: Security for industrial automation and control systems:
Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program
問題 #95
ISA/IEC 62443 - Part 4-2 covers technical security requirements for which types of IACS components?
答案：D
解題說明：
ISA/IEC 62443-4-2 defines technical security requirements (TSRs) applicable to IACS components, including both embedded devices and software applications. The standard explicitly categorizes four types of components:
Embedded devices
Network components
Host devices
Software applications
"This part specifies the technical security requirements for IACS components, including embedded devices, network components, host devices, and software applications."
- ISA/IEC 62443-4-2:2018, Clause 1 - Scope
This means Part 4-2 is not limited to just one component type - it broadly applies to multiple component classes. However, since the question focuses on embedded devices and software applications (both specifically included), option D is correct.
References:
ISA/IEC 62443-4-2:2018 - Clause 1 (Scope), Table 1 (Component categories) ISA/IEC 62443-1-1 - Definitions of component types
問題 #96
What is the purpose of ISO/IEC 15408 (Common Criteria)?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
答案：C
解題說明：
ISO/IEC 15408, also known as the Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation, is an international standard that provides a framework for evaluating the security of IT products and systems. The purpose of the standard is to define a common set of requirements for the security functions and assurance measures of IT products and systems, and to establish a common methodology for conducting security evaluations. The standard allows users to specify their security needs and expectations in a Security Target (ST), which may be based on one or more Protection Profiles (PPs) that define security requirements for a class of products or systems. Vendors can then implement or claim compliance with the ST or PPs, and have their products or systems evaluated by independent testing laboratories against the security criteria defined in the standard. The standard also defines a scale of Evaluation Assurance Levels (EALs) that indicate the degree of confidence in the security of the evaluated product or system. The standard is intended to facilitate the development, procurement, and use of secure IT products and systems, and to promote the recognition and acceptance of evaluation results across different countries and regions. References:
ISO/IEC 15408-1:2009 - Common Criteria Evaluation for IT Security - Nemko1 Common Criteria - Wikipedia2 ISO/IEC Standard 15408 - ENISA3
問題 #97
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