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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - Secure communication design principles - TLS/SSL conceptual overview |
| Topic 2: Symmetric Encryption | - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) - Block and stream ciphers |
| Topic 3: Key Management and PKI | - Key exchange and lifecycle management - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure |
| Topic 4: Foundations of Cryptography | - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical and modern cryptography principles |
| Topic 5: Asymmetric Encryption | - Public key cryptography principles - RSA and ECC fundamentals |
| Topic 6: Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) - MAC and HMAC mechanisms |
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NEW QUESTION # 22
(A security analyst uses a polyalphabetic substitution cipher with a keyword of YELLOW to encrypt a message. Which cipher should be used to encrypt the message?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses multiple substitution alphabets rather than a single fixed mapping. The classic cipher that uses a keyword to select shifting alphabets across the message is the Vigenere cipher. In Vigenere, each plaintext letter is shifted by an amount determined by the corresponding key letter (repeating the keyword as needed). For example, a keyword like "YELLOW" is aligned under the plaintext; each key character defines a Caesar shift (A=0, B=1, ...) applied to the plaintext character, producing ciphertext. This rotation of alphabets across positions makes Vigenere more resistant to simple frequency analysis than monoalphabetic substitution, because the same plaintext letter may encrypt to different ciphertext letters depending on its position relative to the key.
The Pigpen cipher is a symbol substitution cipher, Caesar is monoalphabetic with a single shift, and Playfair is a digraph substitution cipher using a 5×5 key square, not the repeating-key polyalphabetic method described. Therefore, the correct cipher is Vigenere.
NEW QUESTION # 23
(What is the length of the Initialization Vector (IV) in WEP?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) uses the RC4 stream cipher and combines a per-packet Initialization Vector (IV) with a shared secret key to form the RC4 seed for that packet's keystream. The IV in WEP is 24 bits long and is transmitted in the clear as part of the 802.11 frame so the receiver can reconstruct the same per-packet RC4 key stream. The short IV space (2²# possible values) is a major design weakness: on a busy network, IVs repeat frequently, causing keystream reuse. Because RC4 is a stream cipher, keystream reuse enables attackers to derive relationships between plaintexts and recover keys with statistical attacks (notably the Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir (FMS) family of attacks and related improvements). WEP also uses a CRC-32 integrity check (ICV) that is not cryptographically strong and is vulnerable to modification attacks. The 24-bit IV length is therefore a key reason WEP is considered insecure and has been replaced by WPA/WPA2 mechanisms that use stronger key mixing, larger nonces/IVs, and robust integrity protection.
NEW QUESTION # 24
(What is an attribute of RC4 when used with WEP?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
In classic WEP deployments, RC4 was used with what is commonly called "40-bit WEP" (also labeled
"64-bit WEP" because it combines a 40-bit secret key with a 24-bit IV to form a 64-bit RC4 seed). The key attribute emphasized in many foundational descriptions of WEP is this 40-bit shared secret length, which was originally chosen due to export restrictions and legacy constraints. Although "104-bit WEP" (sometimes called "128-bit WEP," again counting the 24-bit IV) also existed, the option set here points to the historically standard and widely referenced attribute: a 40-bit key when RC4 is used in WEP.
Importantly, WEP's security failure is not only about key size; the 24-bit IV is too small and repeats frequently, and WEP's key scheduling vulnerabilities combined with IV reuse allow attackers to recover the secret key with enough captured frames. Still, among the given options, the correct attribute is the 40-bit key.
NEW QUESTION # 25
(Which wireless security standard uses an authentication server with 802.1X and EAP?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
802.1X is a port-based network access control framework that enables centralized authentication using an authentication server (commonly RADIUS). EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) runs within 802.1X to support many credential types (password-based methods like PEAP, certificate-based methods like EAP-TLS, and others). WPA-Enterprise is the wireless security mode that explicitly uses 802.1X + EAP with an authentication server to perform per-user/per-device authentication and to derive dynamic session keys. By contrast, WPA-PSK uses a pre-shared key without an external authentication server; all users share the same PSK, which is weaker for enterprise identity management. WEP is an older mechanism using static keys and does not provide modern 802.1X/EAP enterprise authentication in the WPA-Enterprise sense. TKIP is an encryption/integrity protocol used under WPA, not the full authentication "standard" involving an authentication server. Therefore, the correct choice is WPA-Enterprise.
NEW QUESTION # 26
(What are the roles of keys when using digital signatures?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
Digital signatures provide integrity, authenticity, and typically non-repudiation by using an asymmetric key pair. The signer uses the private key to create a signature over a message (usually over a hash/digest of the message). Because the private key is kept secret, only the legitimate signer should be able to produce a valid signature. Anyone who has the corresponding public key can then validate the signature: they verify that the signature matches the message digest under the public key and that the signed data has not been altered. This is why the public key can be widely distributed (often inside an X.509 certificate) while the private key must be protected by the signer. If a public key were used to sign, anyone could forge signatures; if a private key were required for validation, only the signer could validate, defeating the purpose of public verifiability.
Therefore, the correct key roles are private key for signing and public key for signature validation.
NEW QUESTION # 27
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