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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Services & Networking | 20% | - Ingress resources and controllers - CoreDNS and service discovery - CNI configuration and troubleshooting - Network policies - Service types: ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalName |
| Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Deployments, rolling updates and rollbacks - Configure applications with ConfigMaps and Secrets - Resource requests, limits and autoscaling - Pod lifecycle, init containers, probes - Pod scheduling: node selector, affinity, taints/tolerations |
| Storage | 10% | - Persistent Volumes (PV) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVC) - Volume types and access modes - StatefulSet storage configuration - StorageClasses and dynamic provisioning |
| Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Manage RBAC - Manage cluster lifecycle and upgrades - Implement high availability control plane - Work with CRDs and Operators - Prepare infrastructure for cluster installation - Understand CNI, CSI, CRI interfaces - Install components via Helm / Kustomize - Create and manage clusters with kubeadm |
| Troubleshooting | 30% | - Cluster component health checks - Pod and application failures - Worker node issues and recovery - Network connectivity and DNS resolution problems - Log collection and analysis - Control plane component failures |
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질문 # 22
You are deploying an application on Kubernetes. You need to ensure that a minimum of three pods are always running for this application. How can you achieve this? Describe how to configure the deployment with a replica count and a liveness probe to monitor the health of the pods.
정답：
설명：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Deployment with a Replica Count:
- Create a YAML file named 'deployment.yamr with the following content:
- Apply the YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml&. 2. Configure a Liveness Probe: - Update the 'deployment.yaml' file to include a liveness probe. For example, you could use a HTTP probe:
- Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml'. 3. Verify the Deployment: - Check the status of the deployment using get deployments myapp-deploymen. - Ensure that three pods are running and that the liveness probe is monitoring their health. You can use 'kubectl describe pod myapp-deployment-XXXX' (where XXXX is the pod name) to see the details of the pod and the liveness probe status.
질문 # 23
From the pod label name=cpu-utilizer, find pods running high CPU workloads and write the name of the pod consuming most CPU to the file /opt/KUTR00102/KUTR00102.txt (which already exists).
정답：
설명：
See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
질문 # 24
A Kubernetes worker node, named .Investigate why this is the case,
andperform any appropriate steps tobring the node to a state,ensuring that any changes are madepermanent.
You cansshto the failednode using:
[student@node-1] $ | sshWk8s-node-0
You can assume elevatedprivileges on the node with thefollowing command:
[student@w8ks-node-0] $ |sudo -i
정답：
설명：
See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
질문 # 25
Score: 5%
Task
Monitor the logs of pod bar and:
* Extract log lines corresponding to error file-not-found
* Write them to /opt/KUTR00101/bar
정답：
설명：
Solution:
kubectl logs bar | grep 'unable-to-access-website' > /opt/KUTR00101/bar cat /opt/KUTR00101/bar
질문 # 26
Create a persistent volume with name app-data, of capacity 2Gi and access mode ReadWriteMany. The type of volume is hostPath and its location is /srv/app-data.
정답：
설명：
See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
Persistent Volume
A persistent volume is a piece of storage in a Kubernetes cluster. PersistentVolumes are a cluster-level resource like nodes, which don't belong to any namespace. It is provisioned by the administrator and has a particular file size. This way, a developer deploying their app on Kubernetes need not know the underlying infrastructure. When the developer needs a certain amount of persistent storage for their application, the system administrator configures the cluster so that they consume the PersistentVolume provisioned in an easy way.
Creating Persistent Volume
kind: PersistentVolumeapiVersion: v1metadata: name:app-dataspec: capacity: # defines the capacity of PV we are creating storage: 2Gi #the amount of storage we are tying to claim accessModes: # defines the rights of the volume we are creating - ReadWriteMany hostPath: path: "/srv/app-data" # path to which we are creating the volume Challenge
* Create a Persistent Volume named ReadWriteMany, storage classname
shared, 2Gi of storage capacity and the host path
2. Save the file and create the persistent volume.
Image for post
3. View the persistent volume.
* Our persistent volume status is available meaning it is available and it has not been mounted yet. This status will change when we mount the persistentVolume to a persistentVolumeClaim.
PersistentVolumeClaim
In a real ecosystem, a system admin will create the PersistentVolume then a developer will create a PersistentVolumeClaim which will be referenced in a pod. A PersistentVolumeClaim is created by specifying the minimum size and the access mode they require from the persistentVolume.
Challenge
* Create a Persistent Volume Claim that requests the Persistent Volume we had created above. The claim should request 2Gi. Ensure that the Persistent Volume Claim has the same storageClassName as the persistentVolume you had previously created.
kind: PersistentVolumeapiVersion: v1metadata: name:
spec:
accessModes: - ReadWriteMany
requests: storage: 2Gi
storageClassName: shared
2. Save and create the pvc
njerry191@cloudshell:~ (extreme-clone-2654111)$ kubect1 create -f app-data.yaml persistentvolumeclaim/app-data created
3. View the pvc
Image for post
4. Let's see what has changed in the pv we had initially created.
Image for post
Our status has now changed from available to bound.
5. Create a new pod named myapp with image nginx that will be used to Mount the Persistent Volume Claim with the path /var/app/config.
Mounting a Claim
apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata: creationTimestamp: null name: app-dataspec: volumes: - name:congigpvc persistenVolumeClaim: claimName: app-data containers: - image: nginx name: app volumeMounts: - mountPath: "/srv/app-data " name: configpvc
질문 # 27
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