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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Application Environment, Configuration and Security | 25% | - SecurityContexts - ConfigMaps and Secrets - Discover and use resources that extend Kubernetes (CRD, Operators) - ServiceAccounts - Understanding and defining resource requirements, limits and quotas - Understand authentication, authorization and admission control |
| Application Deployment | 20% | - Use Kubernetes primitives to implement common deployment strategies (e.g., blue/green or canary) - Understand Deployments and how to perform rolling updates - Use the Helm package manager to deploy existing packages - Kustomize |
| Application Observability and Maintenance | 15% | - Implement probes and health checks - Use built-in CLI tools to monitor Kubernetes applications - Utilize container logs - Understand API deprecation policies - Debugging in Kubernetes |
| Services and Networking | 20% | - Use Ingress rules to expose applications - Demonstrate basic understanding of NetworkPolicies - Provide and troubleshoot access to applications via services |
| Application Design and Build | 20% | - Understand multi-container Pod design patterns (e.g., sidecar, init and others) - Define, build and modify container images - Choose and use the right workload resource (Deployment, DaemonSet, CronJob, etc.) - Utilize persistent and ephemeral volumes |
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NEW QUESTION # 114
You have a Kubernetes cluster with a Deployment named 'wordpress-deployment running 3 replicas of a WordPress container. You want to expose this deployment as a service and ensure that the service only forwards traffic to the pods With the label 'version: v?. You need to create a service with the following requirements:
- The service name should be swordpress-service'
- The service should be of type 'Load8alancer' for external access.
- The service should only target pods with the label 'version: v?
- The service should expose port 80 on tne service, wmch maps to port 8080 in the WordPress container.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service:
- Create a YAML file named 'wordpress-service.yamr with the following content:
2. Apply the Service: - Apply the YAML file to your cluster using 'kubectl apply -f wordpress-service.yamr 3. Verify the Service: - Check the service status using 'kubectl get services wordpress-service'. This should show that the service is created with type 'LoadBalancers and an external IP address is assigned to it. 4. Access WordPress: - Once the service is running, you can access your WordPress application by navigating to the external IP address assigned to the 'wordpress- service' in your browser.
NEW QUESTION # 115
Context
You are asked to set resource requests and limits for a running workload to ensure fair resource management.
"Do not delete the existing Deployment . Failure to do so will result in a reduced score." Next, ensure that the total amount of resources in the namespace matches the maximum resources the Pods from the nginx-resources Deployment can request.
Failure to do so will result in the updated Deployment failing to roll out successfully.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution.
Explanation:
Below are the exact steps/commands you can run.
1) Locate the Deployment and its namespace
kubectl get deploy -A | grep nginx-resources
You should see output like:
<namespace> nginx-resources ...
Set a variable (replace <NS> with what you see):
NS=<NS>
Confirm replicas:
kubectl -n $NS get deploy nginx-resources -o jsonpath='{.spec.replicas}{"\n"}'
2) Check if there is a ResourceQuota in that namespace
kubectl -n $NS get resourcequota
kubectl -n $NS describe resourcequota
If there is a quota, note these fields (common ones):
* requests.cpu
* requests.memory
* limits.cpu
* limits.memory
3) Decide requests/limits for the Deployment (example values)
If the question (in your environment) provides specific values, use those.
If it doesn't, a typical safe pair is:
* requests: cpu: 100m, memory: 128Mi
* limits: cpu: 200m, memory: 256Mi
I'll proceed with these example values. If your lab specifies different numbers, just swap them in.
4) Update the existing Deployment (DO NOT DELETE)
Option A (fastest): kubectl set resources
Assuming the container name is the first container (we'll detect it):
kubectl -n $NS get deploy nginx-resources -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[*].name}{"\n"}' If it prints a single container name, set it like this:
kubectl -n $NS set resources deploy nginx-resources \
--requests=cpu=100m,memory=128Mi \
--limits=cpu=200m,memory=256Mi
Verify the Deployment now has resources
kubectl -n $NS get deploy nginx-resources -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].resources}{"\n"}'
5) Compute the total resources requested by the Deployment
Get replicas:
REPLICAS=$(kubectl -n $NS get deploy nginx-resources -o jsonpath='{.spec.replicas}') echo $REPLICAS
6) Ensure the namespace quota matches (or exceeds) those totals
This is the part the question warns about: if the quota is too low, the Deployment update will fail to roll out.
6.1 If a ResourceQuota already exists
Patch it to allow at least the totals you calculated.
First, identify quota name:
RQ=$(kubectl -n $NS get resourcequota -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') echo $RQ Then patch (example: replicas=2 # requests.cpu=200m, requests.memory=256Mi):
kubectl -n $NS patch resourcequota $RQ --type='merge' -p '{
"spec": {
"hard": {
"requests.cpu": "200m",
"requests.memory": "256Mi",
"limits.cpu": "400m",
"limits.memory": "512Mi"
}
}
}'
Adjust those numbers to your replicas × request, and replicas × limit (if your quota also enforces limits).
6.2 If there is NO ResourceQuota
Create one that matches the Deployment max request totals.
Example for replicas=2 with our sample requests/limits:
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n $NS -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
name: nginx-resources-quota
spec:
hard:
requests.cpu: "200m"
requests.memory: "256Mi"
limits.cpu: "400m"
limits.memory: "512Mi"
EOF
7) Verify rollout succeeds
kubectl -n $NS rollout status deploy nginx-resources
kubectl -n $NS get pods
Verify the running pods actually have the requests/limits:
kubectl -n $NS get pod -l app=nginx-resources -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{" "}{.spec.
containers[0].resources}{"\n"}{end}'
(If the label selector app=nginx-resources doesn't exist, just pick a pod name from kubectl get pods and run:) kubectl -n $NS describe pod <pod-name> | sed -n '/Limits:/,/Requests:/p' Common reasons this fails (and the fix)
* Rollout stuck / pods pending with "exceeded quota"Check:
* kubectl -n $NS describe pod <pending-pod>
* kubectl -n $NS describe resourcequota
Fix: increase ResourceQuota hard values to match required totals.
* You set requests higher than quota allowsFix: either reduce requests or raise quota.
kubectl get deploy -A | grep nginx-resources
kubectl -n <NS> get deploy nginx-resources -o jsonpath='{.spec.replicas}{"\n"}{.spec.template.spec.
containers[0].name}{"\n"}'
kubectl -n <NS> describe resourcequota
NEW QUESTION # 116
You have a Kubernetes application that requires configuration values to be injected into the application's environment variables. You want to manage these configuration values centrally and allow for easy updates and versioning. You are considering using Kustomize to achieve this.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a base configuration file:
- Define the base configuration values in a file named 'base-yaml'
2. Create a Kustomjzation file: - Create a file named ' kustomization.yaml' to define the Kustomize configuration:
3. Create an overlay for development environment - Create a directory named 'dev' and create a 'kustomization.yamr file within it:
- Create a 'patch.yaml' file within the 'devs directory to override the base configuratiom
4. Apply the configuration: - To apply the base configuration, use: bash kubectl apply -k - To apply the configuration for the development environment, use: bash kubectl apply -k dev 5. Verify the configuration: - You can verify the applied configuration by listing the ConfigMaps: bash kubectl get configmaps -n my-app-namespace - You can View tne specific configuration values using Ski-Ibectl get configmap my-app-config -n my-app-namespace -o yaml ,
NEW QUESTION # 117
You are deploying a resource-intensive application that requires a large amount of memory and CPU. How would you create a ResourceQuota to limit the resources consumed by this application and prevent it from impacting other workloads in the cluster?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
I). Define the ResourceQuota:
- Create a ResourceQuota object named resource-limit' in the namespace where the application is deployed.
- Set the resource limits for the application by specifying the maximum allowed requests for CPU and memory.
- You can also set limits for other resources, such as pods and services.
2. Apply the ResourceQuota: - Apply the ResourceQuota configuration using 'kubectl apply -f resource-limit.yaml' 3. Test the Resource Limits. - Try to create or scale the resource-intensive application beyond the defined limits. - You should receive an error indicating that the ResourceQuota has been exceeded.
NEW QUESTION # 118
You are building a microservice-based application with a frontend service and a backend service. The frontend service needs to communicate with the backend service via a Kubernetes Service. Design and implement a robust solution for the frontend service to discover the backend service's IP address and port, ensuring seamless communication between the services.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Backend Service:
- Define a Kubernetes Service for the backend service, exposing it on a specific port.
- Ensure the service's 'selector' matches the labels of your backend pods.
2. Configure Frontend Service: - Create a Kubernetes Deployment for the frontend service. - Inject the backend service's name and pon into the frontend container's environment variables. This will allow the frontend service to access the backend service's information.
3. Create a ConfigMap for Backend Service Informatiom - Create a ConfigMap to store the backend service's information, including its name and port
4. Deploy the Services and ConfigMap: - Apply the YAML files for the backend service, frontend deployment, and ConfigMap to your Kubernetes cluster using kubectl apply -f 5. Test Communication: - Access the frontend service (e.g., through a LoadBalancer or Ingress) and ensure it successfully communicates with the backend service. Notes: - This approach utilizes a ConfigMap to store the backend service information, making it easy to update and manage the connection information. - The frontend service can access the backend service's information through environment variables, ensuring consistency in communication. - By utilizing Kubernetes Services, the trontend service can seamlessly communicate with the backend service without knowing the specific IP addresses or ports of individual pods. - The frontend service should be designed to handle potential errors when attempting to connect to the backend service (e.g., timeouts, network issues). Additional Tips for Robust Communication: - Health Checks: LJse Liveness and Readiness probes to ensure that only healthy backend pods are included in the backend service. - Service Discovery: Consider using advanced service discovery mechanisms like Consul or etcd to enable dynamic service discovery and updates. - Network Policies: Apply network policies to control communication between services, improving security and preventing unauthorized access.,
NEW QUESTION # 119
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