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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Cilium CLI and Configuration - Installation and Connectivity Testing |
| Topic 2: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Service Discovery and Load Balancing - Multi-Cluster Connectivity |
| Topic 3: Architecture | 20% | - IP Address Management and Datapath Models - Cilium Architecture and Components |
| Topic 4: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility - Hubble CLI and UI |
| Topic 5: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks - Egress Connectivity |
| Topic 6: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking - eBPF Role and Benefits |
| Topic 7: Service Mesh | 16% | - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures - Ingress and Gateway API |
| Topic 8: Network Policy | 18% | - Policy Rules and Enforcement - Identity-Based Network Security |
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NEW QUESTION # 45
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
NEW QUESTION # 46
When considering changing an existing cluster's IPAM (IP address management) mode, what is the safest path?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The official IPAM documentation expressly states that the safest way to change IPAM mode is to install a fresh Kubernetes cluster using the required new IPAM configuration. A live cluster already contains allocated workload addresses, node routing state, Cilium endpoint state, service state, and potentially cloud-provider resources that depend on the active allocator. Replacing the allocator in place can invalidate these assumptions and cause persistent connectivity disruption rather than merely a short agent restart.
Updating a Kubernetes Node object does not generally convert Cilium's IPAM mode. The responsible resource and allocation behavior depend on the selected mode: Kubernetes host-scope IPAM, cluster-pool IPAM, multi-pool IPAM, CRD-backed modes, and cloud-specific allocators manage address information differently. Restarting agents after changing a configuration value likewise does not constitute a safe migration plan, because existing endpoints and routes may retain state created under the former allocator.
Cilium advises against changing the IPAM mode of an existing cluster unless a specifically documented migration procedure applies. The currently documented exception is migration from cluster-pool IPAM to multi-pool IPAM. As the question provides no such constrained scenario, D is the unambiguously safest answer.
Official references
IP Address Management .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 47
What is the purpose of the 12 Announcements" feature?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The question's "12 Announcements" wording is a source transcription error for L2 Announcements . This feature makes Kubernetes Services visible and reachable to clients on the local Layer 2 network, particularly in on-premises, office, campus, or bare-metal environments that do not use BGP-based service advertisement.
Cilium responds to ARP requests for IPv4 Service addresses and NDP requests for IPv6 addresses. A selected node advertises the LoadBalancer IP or ExternalIP using its MAC address and receives traffic for that virtual IP. Cilium then applies its service load-balancing functionality to forward the connection to an appropriate backend. Leadership is coordinated so that one node advertises a given Service at a time, and the virtual IP can move to another eligible node after failure.
The feature is not intended to provide general Layer 2 multicast, making A incorrect. DNS service discovery is handled through Kubernetes DNS and is independent of L2 announcements, eliminating C. It also does not define Layer 2 security policies, so D is incorrect.
Thus, the purpose is external Service reachability on the local area network, exactly as described by B.
Official references
L2 Announcements .
Study Guide topic: BGP and External Networking.
NEW QUESTION # 48
Which component manages the allocation of per-node PodCIDRs in the cluster-scope IPAM (IP address management) mode?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
In cluster-scope IPAM, the Cilium Operator allocates a PodCIDR to each node from the configured cluster- wide address pool. It records those allocations in each node's CiliumNode custom resource, specifically under spec.ipam.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for this allocation during startup and then performs host-local allocation of individual pod addresses from the CIDR assigned to its node.
This division of responsibility explains why C is correct. The agent consumes its assigned range and allocates endpoint addresses locally, but it does not independently choose the cluster-wide per-node PodCIDR. The Operator coordinates those ranges to prevent nodes from receiving overlapping allocations.
Options A and D describe Kubernetes host-scope IPAM rather than Cilium cluster-scope IPAM. In Kubernetes host-scope mode, the Kubernetes controller manager assigns PodCIDRs and exposes them through spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs in the standard Kubernetes Node resource. Cluster-scope mode is specifically useful when Kubernetes is not configured to perform that allocation or when Cilium should control the cluster address pool.
Therefore, the managing component and resource are the Cilium Operator and CiliumNode , respectively.
Official references
Cluster-Pool IPAM ; Cluster Scope IPAM .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 49
Which one of the following service mesh features and use cases is natively supported by Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended answer is A because API request limiting corresponds to rate limiting, which Cilium identifies as a core Layer 7 traffic-management capability. Cilium combines its eBPF datapath with Envoy for application-layer processing. The official Service Mesh documentation expressly includes rate limiting among the functions that must understand protocols such as HTTP, REST, gRPC, and WebSocket. It is therefore not merely packet-rate policing at Layer 3 or Layer 4; it can be applied with application-protocol context.
However, this question is no longer valid as a strict single-answer item. Current Cilium documentation also describes proxy-based Layer 7 load balancing as useful for gRPC and provides an Envoy-backed implementation for Kubernetes Services. Consequently, option C is also supportable under the current product documentation, although the feature is identified as beta. API authorization and fault-delay injection are not presented as equivalent first-class Cilium Service Mesh use cases in the cited feature overview.
For certification-bank purposes, retain A as the intended answer, but revise option C or qualify it to restore a unique correct choice.
Official references
Service Mesh ; Proxy Load Balancing for Kubernetes Services .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 50
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