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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF Role and Benefits - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Installation and Connectivity Testing - Cilium CLI and Configuration |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility - Hubble CLI and UI |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Policy Rules and Enforcement - Identity-Based Network Security |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium Architecture and Components - IP Address Management and Datapath Models |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures - Ingress and Gateway API |
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NEW QUESTION # 28
What is an accurate description related to eBPF?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D is the accurate general description because eBPF programs can attach at kernel and application-related hook points where data may already be decrypted, depending on the program and the selected hook. The statement says "could," not that every packet-processing eBPF program automatically decrypts TLS. Cilium's documented TLS-aware inspection uses controlled TLS termination and a userspace Envoy proxy; the broader point is that eBPF is not restricted to observing encrypted wire-format packets at a single network interface.
The other choices are directly contradicted by Cilium's eBPF documentation. XDP and traffic-control programs can be replaced atomically at runtime without rebooting the host or restarting network services, so A is false. Traffic-control BPF supports both ingress and egress hook points, making B false. Cilium also applies eBPF-based security to the host through its Host Firewall and host-policy capabilities; therefore, eBPF security is not inherently confined to container traffic, and C is false.
A critical distinction is that inspecting application plaintext depends on where the program attaches and where encryption occurs. Cilium's ordinary L3/L4 datapath does not magically decrypt TLS, while its documented TLS interception workflow explicitly terminates and re-originates selected connections to expose application- layer content.
Official references
Cilium eBPF program types ; eBPF datapath introduction ; Inspecting TLS Encrypted Connections .
Study Guide topic: eBPF.
NEW QUESTION # 29
What is correct about this Cilium Network Policy?
Question 21 Cilium Network Policy exhibit
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended policy selects every Cilium-managed endpoint in the namespace where the CiliumNetworkPolicy is created because endpointSelector: {} is empty. The manifest does not specify metadata.namespace ; if it is applied normally in the default namespace, the selected endpoints are therefore all pods in default , not pods across every namespace. The egress destination selector identifies pods in kube- system carrying k8s-app: kube-dns , while matchPattern: "*" allows all DNS query names handled by the DNS rule. This supports the intended answer A.
There is, however, a material defect in the exhibit: toPorts is a list in the Cilium policy schema, but the image shows rules directly beneath toPorts without a preceding list marker. The official form is toPorts: , followed by - ports: and rules: within that list item. Port 53 and its protocol should also be stated explicitly. Exactly as displayed, the manifest should not be treated as a valid deployable policy.
The question should be corrected before examination use. Once the missing list item and port definition are restored, A accurately describes its scope and effect.
Official references
Using Kubernetes Constructs in Policy ; Layer 7 Protocol Visibility .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 30
What does this Egress Gateway policy achieve?
Cilium Egress Gateway policy exhibit
Answer: B
Explanation:
Cilium's official documentation confirms that a CiliumEgressGatewayPolicy selects traffic originating from matching pods , routes traffic destined for the configured destinationCIDRs through the selected egress gateway node, and SNATs that traffic using the configured egressIP.
NEW QUESTION # 31
Why is the iptables implementation of kube-proxy less scalable than eBPF?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
B expresses the principal scalability distinction intended by the question. In kube-proxy's iptables mode, Kubernetes Services and endpoints are represented by chains of netfilter rules. As the number of Services and backends grows, rule creation, synchronization, and packet traversal can involve increasingly large rule sets.
Matching through those chains is generally described as having linear scaling characteristics.
Cilium's kube-proxy replacement stores service and backend state in eBPF maps. Hash-map lookups allow the datapath to locate service entries without sequentially scanning a rule for every Service, providing effectively constant-time lookup behavior for the relevant map operations. This makes the approach better suited to large and frequently changing Kubernetes environments.
Option A is false because iptables and netfilter also operate within the Linux kernel. Option C is false because kube-proxy's iptables implementation supports IPv6 when the surrounding Kubernetes and host configuration supports it. Option D does not explain kube-proxy's primary scaling limitation and introduces an unrelated SmartNIC/XDP claim.
The constant-time description is a useful architectural simplification; total performance still depends on map sizing, backend selection, connection tracking, and kernel behavior.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath , Cilium Tuning Guide
Study Guide topic: kube-proxy replacement, eBPF maps, and datapath scalability.
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which component manages the allocation of per-node PodCIDRs in the cluster-scope IPAM (IP address management) mode?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
In cluster-scope IPAM, the Cilium Operator allocates a PodCIDR to each node from the configured cluster- wide address pool. It records those allocations in each node's CiliumNode custom resource, specifically under spec.ipam.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for this allocation during startup and then performs host-local allocation of individual pod addresses from the CIDR assigned to its node.
This division of responsibility explains why C is correct. The agent consumes its assigned range and allocates endpoint addresses locally, but it does not independently choose the cluster-wide per-node PodCIDR. The Operator coordinates those ranges to prevent nodes from receiving overlapping allocations.
Options A and D describe Kubernetes host-scope IPAM rather than Cilium cluster-scope IPAM. In Kubernetes host-scope mode, the Kubernetes controller manager assigns PodCIDRs and exposes them through spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs in the standard Kubernetes Node resource. Cluster-scope mode is specifically useful when Kubernetes is not configured to perform that allocation or when Cilium should control the cluster address pool.
Therefore, the managing component and resource are the Cilium Operator and CiliumNode , respectively.
Official references
Cluster-Pool IPAM ; Cluster Scope IPAM .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
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