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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Testing Quality Characteristics | - Compatibility Testing - Functional Testing - Flexibility Testing - Usability Testing |
| Test Analysis and Test Design | - Experience-based Testing - Data-Based Test Techniques - Behavior-Based Test Techniques - Rule-Based Test Techniques |
| Software Defect Prevention | - Mitigating Recurrence of Defects - Defect Prevention Practices - Supporting Phase Containment |
| The Tasks of the Test Analyst in the Test Process | - Tasks Related to Work Products - Testing in the Software Development Lifecycle - Involvement in Test Activities |
| The Tasks of the Test Analyst in Risk-Based Testing | - Risk Control - Risk Analysis |
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質問 # 35
The test basis for your latest project contains the activity diagram that is shown below. The business architect has confirmed that this model has been reviewed and approved by the stakeholders.
Which of the following conclusions is correct?
正解：C
解説：
The correct answer is D . The diagram contains an internal inconsistency that can be identified directly from the model, without waiting for test design or execution. The activity diagram shows Receive details , then splits into parallel activities: Confirm receipt and Validate details . The validation path then branches into
[Valid] Accept details and [Invalid] Reject details . However, after either acceptance or rejection, the flow rejoins and continues to Confirm acceptance of details . That means the model allows rejected details to proceed into an activity that confirms acceptance, which is logically inconsistent.
CTAL-TA v4.0 states that scenario-based testing uses workflow models such as activity diagrams, use cases, flowcharts, BPMN diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams to derive scenarios through the test item. The syllabus also emphasizes that modeling and test analysis can reveal defects in the test basis, including workflow-related defects, before dynamic test execution begins.
Option A is wrong because the inconsistency is visible statically; test execution is not needed to confirm it.
Option B is also wrong because formal test cases are not required before recognizing the contradiction.
Option C is dangerous and incorrect: stakeholder approval does not prove technical or logical correctness.
The issue is a structural workflow defect in the model itself. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Scenario-Based Testing and Test Analysis of the Test Basis .
For the first process, when 'Something is needed', which option contains the MOST appropriate keywords for action and verification?
Required Goods / Check PR
Enter Required Goods I Check PR Created
Enter Details of Required Goods / Is PR Created?
Required Goods Entry I PR Creation Check
質問 # 36
You are working on a project to replace an old sales and merchandising system with a new system that will be based on modern platforms. The old system Is still in production but is poorly documented and expensive to maintain. The new version will be developed using modern technology. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Load sales data, sent electronically from the stores each evening, into a central database.
* Produce actual sales reports for the merchandisers, whose job is to manage stock levels in stores.
* Produce sales forecast reports based on a combination of sales history and forecasting parameters. The parameters will be entered by the merchandisers into a browser-based front end and the reports will be produced overnight. The users will be able to see the reports next day, on screen or in print, by requesting this through the browser.
Requirements 1 and 2 are satisfied by the existing system and will be rewritten with no significant changes.
Requirement 3 is new. The development will use your company's Agile SDLC, with 2-week iterations.
Technical skill levels in the team are high and the approach to automate test execution is aggressive. Each requirement will be specified with user stories, will be released only when complete, and will need more than one iteration. The main business benefit will come from requirement 3, which depends on the other two requirements, and the stakeholders are keen to get this into production as soon as possible.
Release planning has begun for requirement 3 and you need to know at a high level what the testing scope will be, to ensure that the correct resources will be available. Which functional test techniques will be MOST effective for this release?
a) Domain testing
b) Combinatorial testing
c) Random testing
d) CRUD testing
e) Scenario-based testing
f) Decision table testing
g) Exploratory testing
正解：D
解説：
The correct answer is C : domain testing, scenario-based testing, and decision table testing . Requirement
3 is new and business-critical. It involves entering complex forecasting parameters, generating reports overnight from sales history and parameters, and then viewing or printing those reports through the browser.
Domain testing is appropriate because forecasting parameters and sales-history values form input domains with partitions and boundaries. CTAL-TA v4.0 states that domain testing extends equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to domains with multiple parameters and complex partitions.
Scenario-based testing is also essential because the requirement describes an end-to-end user/business flow:
enter parameters, run overnight report generation, request report output, view or print result. CTAL-TA states that scenario-based testing evaluates behavior in realistic workflows and is often used in system and acceptance testing from the user's perspective.
Decision table testing fits because forecast calculation behavior is likely governed by business rules involving sales history, parameters, thresholds, and report-generation rules. CTAL-TA classifies decision table testing as a rule-based technique for stateless business rules. Random testing is inferior because the requirement is clearly specified, not poorly understood. CRUD testing is not the strongest match because Requirement 3 is not mainly an entity lifecycle problem.
質問 # 37
A Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system will be developed for a company that runs a chain of hotels. These are some of the requirements relating to staff in the call center.
* R1. High. An operator shall be able to find and see the details of a customer's booking. The data that may be used for the search include customer name, customer registration number (in the company's loyalty enrolment scheme) and booking reference.
* R2. High. An operator shall be able to amend a customer's booking. The data that may be amended include check-in and check-out dates, hotel, room type and tariff (with / without breakfast).
* R3. High. Before a booking amendment is accepted, the system shall display to the operator any difference in price with respect to the original booking. The operator shall confirm that the customer accepts the revised price and then the system shall record the accepted amendment.
* R4. Medium. Details of the amended booking shall be sent to the customer (see requirements for original customer booking for details).
* R5. High. Details of the extra amount payable shall be sent to the billing system for customer invoicing (see requirements for invoicing of the original customer booking for details).
You have been asked to review these requirements using this checklist:
* Specific - does each requirement deal with only a single aspect of the solution?
* Clear - is each requirement expressed in an unambiguous way with no possibility of interpretation or uncertainty about its meaning?
* Complete - does the set of requirements cover all of the stakeholders' reasonable needs?
* Unique - does each requirement address something that no other requirement also covers?
Assume that the other requirements referred to by R4 and R5 have been reviewed with a satisfactory outcome.
Considering these five requirements, to which checklist items would you answer 'No'?
正解：C
解説：
The correct answer is D . The two checklist items that should be answered No are Clear and Complete .
CTAL-TA v4.0 places requirements review and defect prevention under the Test Analyst's static testing responsibilities. It also identifies perspective-based reading and checklist-based review as techniques for finding defects in the test basis before test design and execution. The official sample-answer material confirms that checklist items should support detection of defects such as ambiguity, incompleteness, and inconsistency, rather than merely restating requirements.
The requirements are not fully clear because several phrases leave room for interpretation. For example, R1 says customer name may be used for searching, but it does not clarify what happens if multiple bookings match. R3 says "any difference in price" and "original booking," which may be ambiguous if multiple amendments occur. The requirements are also not fully complete because R5 only addresses an "extra amount payable." It does not cover the reasonable business case where the amendment reduces the price and a refund, credit, or billing adjustment is needed.
The requirements are broadly specific enough for this review because each requirement addresses a distinct call-center function. They are also unique because no requirement duplicates another: search, amend, price confirmation, customer notification, and billing interface are separate concerns. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Software Defect Prevention , reviews, checklist-based review, and perspective-based reading.
質問 # 38
Your company, which specializes in medical software, has designed an application for use on smartphones and tablets, that calculates a person's BMI (Body Mass Index). How can a test analyst BEST contribute to adaptability testing for this application?
正解：B
解説：
The correct answer is C . Adaptability testing concerns whether a component or system can be adapted to different or evolving hardware, software, operational, or usage environments. The ISTQB Glossary defines adaptability as the degree to which a system can be adapted to various or evolving hardware, software, or other operational or usage environments. CTAL-TA v4.0 also places adaptability within the Test Analyst's user-facing non-functional testing scope, alongside usability, installability, and interoperability.
For a BMI application intended for smartphones and tablets, the best Test Analyst contribution is to design tests across the intended target devices, screen sizes, operating-system versions, browsers or WebViews if applicable, input methods, and device configurations. This directly checks whether the application remains usable and functional when adapted to its supported mobile and tablet environments.
Option A is coexistence testing , because it checks whether the BMI app adversely affects other health applications on the same device. Option B is closer to installability/update testing , because it checks launching and functioning after an updated version is downloaded. Option D is functional correctness testing
, because it checks whether the BMI calculation result is correct for given inputs. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Testing Quality Characteristics , adaptability under user-facing non-functional quality characteristics.
質問 # 39
A system will be developed to support the administration of table-tennis tournaments. The following requirements for the enrolment of entrants have been provided:
R1. High. The administrator shall be able to enter the entrant's name, address, phone number/s (mobile and/or home), email and social media handles. Validation rules for these data items are provided separately.
R2. High. The administrator shall be able to enter the entrant's current world ranking (up to 250) and their relationship with the tournament sponsors (i.e. clothing / equipment / endorsement).
R3. High. The administrator shall be able to enter the entrant's attendance history at previous events (i.e.
finalist / played / withdrew during event / withdrew before event).
R4. Medium. From the entrant's address the system shall derive whether or not the entrant lives locally and, on the basis of that combined with other rules that are provided separately, shall suggest how much of the tournament's overall prize fund should be offered to the entrant as their individual attendance fee.
R5. Low. The administrator should be able to change the suggested attendance fee and the system should then deduct this from the remaining prize fund balance accordingly.
You have been asked to review the requirements using perspective-based reading, from your viewpoint as the TA who will be writing functional correctness system test cases. Assume that the other rules referred to by requirements R1 and R4 have been reviewed and are satisfactorily testable. Which conclusion would you reach?
正解：D
解説：
The correct answer is A . Using perspective-based reading, the TA must review the requirements from the viewpoint of someone who must derive functional correctness test cases. CTAL-TA v4.0 states that perspective-based reading requires reviewers to attempt to use the test basis to generate the work product they would derive from it; for a tester, that means attempting to create tests and checking whether all necessary information is present.
R1 is testable because the data-entry items are listed and the validation rules are explicitly provided separately and assumed testable. R4 is also testable because the derivation and attendance-fee rules are separately provided and assumed testable. R5 is testable as a functional rule: change the suggested attendance fee, then verify that the remaining prize fund balance is reduced accordingly.
The weak requirements are R2 and R3 . R2 does not fully define the valid model for "relationship with the tournament sponsors": it is unclear whether clothing, equipment, and endorsement are mutually exclusive, whether multiple relationships may apply, or whether "no relationship" is valid. R3 is also incomplete because "attendance history at previous events" is not fully defined: it is unclear whether this is one value, multiple event records, or a history per event, and some values overlap conceptually, such as finalist and played. These gaps prevent complete functional correctness test design. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Sections
5.2.2 Applying Review Techniques and 1.2.1 Test Analysis .
質問 # 40
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