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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Primary Assessment | 39–43% | - Airway, breathing, and circulation management - Identification and management of life-threatening conditions - General patient impression and priority determination - Initial patient assessment |
| Topic 2: EMS Operations | 10–14% | - EMS system roles and responsibilities - Documentation and legal aspects - Incident command and multiple-casualty situations - Emergency vehicle operations and safety |
| Topic 3: Patient Treatment and Transport | 20–24% | - Medical and trauma care interventions - Communication with receiving facilities - Medication administration and protocols - Patient packaging and transport procedures |
| Topic 4: Secondary Assessment | 5–9% | - Focused history and physical exam - Vital signs and monitoring - Symptom assessment and history taking |
| Topic 5: Scene Size-Up and Safety | 15–19% | - Scene assessment and safety protocols - Hazard recognition and management - Mechanism of injury / nature of illness |
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NEW QUESTION # 27
What are the components of the START triage system?
Answer: A
Explanation:
START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) is a triage method taught by the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians for use in mass-casualty incidents. START allows rescuers to quickly prioritize patients based on the severity of their conditions using objective criteria that can be assessed in under 60 seconds.
The correct components of the START system are Respirations, Perfusion, and Mental Status (RPM), making Option D correct. EMTs first assess whether the patient is breathing and evaluate respiratory rate. Next, perfusion is assessed by checking radial pulse or capillary refill. Finally, mental status is evaluated by determining whether the patient can follow simple commands.
Option A describes elements of a general patient assessment, not START triage.
Option B refers to the primary assessment sequence, not mass-casualty triage.
Option C lists triage categories rather than assessment components.
NREMT emphasizes START triage as a rapid, standardized approach to manage large numbers of patients efficiently while maximizing survivability.
NEW QUESTION # 28
A 60-year-old has severe shortness of breath. Audible wheezing is present. The patient has a history of COPD, asthma, and diabetes with prescribed medications. The vital signs are BP 138/80, P 110, R 30, and SpO# 89% on room air. What actions should the EMT take? Select the two answer options that are correct.
Answer: D,E
Explanation:
The correct answers are B. Apply continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and D. Administer a beta-2 agonist.
This patient is in moderate to severe respiratory distress with:
* Tachypnea (R 30)
* Hypoxia (SpO# 89%)
* Wheezing # indicates bronchoconstriction (asthma/COPD exacerbation)
Why B is correct (CPAP):
* CPAP helps keep alveoli open, improves oxygenation, and reduces work of breathing.
* It is indicated in patients who are awake, breathing, and in respiratory distress with hypoxia.
* Especially beneficial in COPD exacerbations.
Why D is correct (Beta-2 agonist):
* Beta-2 agonists (e.g., albuterol) relax bronchial smooth muscle, relieving wheezing and bronchospasm.
* This directly treats the underlying problem in asthma/COPD exacerbation.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. 3 LPM nasal cannula # Too low for significant hypoxia (SpO# 89%); patient needs more aggressive support
* C. Recovery position # Used for unconscious patients, not alert patients in respiratory distress
* E. Rescue breathing # Indicated for inadequate respirations, but this patient is breathing (though rapid) Exact Extracts:
* "CPAP is indicated for patients with respiratory distress who are breathing spontaneously."
* "Beta-agonists are used to relieve bronchospasm in asthma and COPD."
* "Patients with wheezing benefit from bronchodilator therapy."
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Airway, Respiration & Ventilation
National EMS Education Standards - Respiratory Emergencies
NREMT Candidate Handbook - Patient Management
NEW QUESTION # 29
An 83-year-old patient is unresponsive and lying on the floor. The patient has a large bruise and laceration on the forehead. The patient's vital signs are BP 90/60, P 126, and R 0. Which of the following conditions should the EMT most suspect?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Givenfall with head traumaandabsent respirations, the most concerning cause isspinal injury, particularly acervical spine fracture. Ahigh cervical injury (C1-C4)canparalyze the diaphragm, leading toapnea despite a beating heart.
Brain herniation can also depress respirations but often presents withunequal pupils,posturing, andCushing' s triad(not described here).Commotio cordisis sudden cardiac arrest from blunt chest trauma (not head).
Open pneumothoraxaffects chest mechanics, not directly linked here.
References:
NREMT Trauma Skills - Spinal Assessment
Brady Emergency Care (13th ed.), Chapter: Spine Injuries
National EMS Education Standards - CNS Trauma and Spinal Immobilization
NEW QUESTION # 30
When treating a patient suspected of having tuberculosis, you should
Answer: A
Explanation:
For suspected or confirmed tuberculosis (TB), the EMT should place a surgical mask on the patient, not a HEPA respirator. Surgical masks are used to contain droplets from the patient and reduce airborne transmission.
The EMT should wear a N95 or HEPA respirator to protect against inhaling airborne particles. Notification to the CDC is not the EMT's responsibility - that falls to public health officials.
References:
CDC Guidelines for TB Exposure in Prehospital Settings
NREMT Infectious Disease Control Protocols
National EMS Education Standards - Airborne Pathogens and PPE Use
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which of the following elements proves tort negligence in a court of law?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
The legal concept oftort negligencein EMS requires the plaintiff to establish four elements:
* Duty to act
* Breach of that duty
* Damages (harm caused)
* Causation- a direct link between the EMT's action/inaction and the harm caused Causation(often termed "proximate cause") is the essential element that connects the EMT's breach to the patient's injury or outcome. Abandonment, assault, and false imprisonment are otherintentional torts, but not core elements of proving negligence.
References:
NREMT Ethics & Legal Module
Brady Emergency Care (13th ed.), Chapter: Legal and Ethical Issues
EMS Legal Primer - National EMS Management Association (NEMSMA)
NEW QUESTION # 32
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