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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Topic 2: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Topic 3: Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Topic 4: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Topic 5: Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Topic 6: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Topic 7: Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Topic 8: Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Topic 9: Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
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NEW QUESTION # 1307
A vagal event results in which of the following?
Answer: A
Explanation:
A vagal event occurs in response to a particular stimulus (either psychological or physical) and causes a sudden decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. This causes a lack of blood flow to the brain and other necessary organs, and may result in a syncopal episode, nausea, and/or dizziness.
Vagal events are not associated with hyperactivity, a sudden loss of sensation in the limbs, or a sudden increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
NEW QUESTION # 1308
What is the medical term used to describe difficulty breathing?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Dyspnea is the medical term used to describe difficulty breathing. Dyspnea comes from the Latin word dyspnoea meaning "bad breathing". Dys means abnormal or difficult, and pnoe means breathing.
Dysphoria refers to abnormal mentation associated with medications, including those used for anesthesia/sedation and pain management such as opioids. Dysbiosis is an imbalance in bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. Dystocia refers to a difficult birth, often a result of malpositioning, large fetal size, or uterine atony/inertia.
NEW QUESTION # 1309
If you have a radiograph that is too dark, but the contrast has not been greatly altered, what setting should be changed to improve image quality?
Answer: C
Explanation:
When discussing contrast on radiographs, this refers to the different shades of grey seen on the image and the differences in the structures that produce them.
High contrast = black and white image with little variation and little grey areas.
Low-contrast images are heavy on the grey shades but with few differences between structures evident or little contrast between the structures.
kV = kilovoltage has the most significant influence on radiographic contrast.
mAs = milli-ampere-second addresses the total number of x-rays used to produce an image. This does not affect contrast when using the correct setting because changes in mAs primarily affect the number of x-rays utilized. The mAs setting affects image blackening or density, and changing it will lighten or darken the image.
If one wants to lighten an image by half, one uses 50% of the original mAs, while twice the mAs will double the overall darkness.
When an image is too dark, the contrast is poor (the greyscale), or overpenetration has occurred. Poor contrast is adjusted by decreasing the kV. However, when contrast remains appropriate, then mAs should be reduced. In other words, mAs should be decreased when soft tissue is too dark while bone remains appropriately starker white.
The opposite is true when an image is too light. If one can properly see the anatomic structures, one increases mAs, improving the film's density.
Suppose the anatomical parts are not distinctly discernible. In that case, we need to increase the x-ray penetration by increasing kV, thus improving contrast. Decreasing kV achieves high contrast.
NEW QUESTION # 1310
You give your veterinarian a machine-evaluated CBC showing a HCT of 24.99%. In most species, changes in hemoglobin are proportional to changes in HCT (or PCV). What do you suspect the hemoglobin concentration was approximate, as calculated?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The hemoglobin concentration (Hb) reflects the PCV and HCT, usually by a factor of 3. The PCV/HCT usually is about 3 x that of the Hb. This holds true for most species except for camelids, both new and old-world species. This occurs because camelids have an elliptical shape, a higher red blood cell count, and a higher concentration of Hb in the red blood cells.
NEW QUESTION # 1311
You have a premature neonatal foal in your hospital with a failure of passive transfer. You are concerned that the foal may develop sepsis. You are tasked with patient care and monitoring during the day shift. You evaluate the animal's neonatal sepsis score at the start of each shift. You assess and assign a number based on various parameters, including but not limited to the animal's fibrinogen levels, blood glucose, arterial oxygen levels, acid-base status, and body temperature.
What score highly correlates over 90% of the time with sepsis?
Answer: D
Explanation:
When grading the various information collected to formulate the neonatal sepsis score, the lower the number, the closer to normal the animal is. A score of zero means that the animal has no abnormalities in the scale, was not born premature (foal after 330 days in utero), and is not at risk for sepsis. A score of 14 is the highest and has the highest risk of sepsis. However, a score of ≥ 12 has a 93% chance of developing sepsis. Hopefully, we discover the animal is worsening before it reaches this level, so that action can be taken as early as possible. A score of 11 or less will predict non-sepsis 88% of the time.
The sepsis score is based on information obtained from:
1. The CBC, including the number of neutrophils, bands, and the presence of toxic change, Doehle bodies, or neutrophil vacuolization
2. Fibrinogen levels
3. Glucose levels
4. IgG
5. Arterial oxygen levels
6. Acid-base balance
7. Physical exam parameters, including evidence of scleral injection or petechiation that cannot be explained by trauma or ocular disease
8. Fever
9. Level of consciousness
10. The presence of abnormalities, including diarrhea, joint swelling, open wounds, uveitis, and respiratory distress
11. Historical information, including duration of pregnancy (maturity) and the presence of placentitis. Also included in the score is whether or not the foal was born as a dystocia and whether there was vulvar discharge pre-foaling.
NEW QUESTION # 1312
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