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WGU Introduction-to-Cryptography Exam Syllabus Topics:

SectionWeightObjectives
Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure25%- PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models
- Principles: public/private key pairs
- Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman
- Digital signatures: purpose and process
- Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation
Symmetric Encryption25%- Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB)
- Key generation, distribution, and management challenges
- Principles and operation
- Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish
Cryptography Fundamentals20%- Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key
- Historical evolution and modern applications
- Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation
Implementation & Best Practices5%- Common mistakes and vulnerabilities
- Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes
- Standards and compliance
Key Management & Secure Protocols10%- Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP
- Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction
- Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle
Hash Functions & Data Integrity15%- Properties: collision resistance, one-way function
- Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication
- Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5
- HMAC construction and application

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WGU Introduction to Cryptography HNO1 Sample Questions (Q59-Q64):

NEW QUESTION # 59
(What is an attribute of RC4 when used with WEP?)

Answer: D

Explanation:
In classic WEP deployments, RC4 was used with what is commonly called "40-bit WEP" (also labeled "64- bit WEP" because it combines a 40-bit secret key with a 24-bit IV to form a 64-bit RC4 seed). The key attribute emphasized in many foundational descriptions of WEP is this 40-bit shared secret length, which was originally chosen due to export restrictions and legacy constraints. Although "104-bit WEP" (sometimes called "128-bit WEP," again counting the 24-bit IV) also existed, the option set here points to the historically standard and widely referenced attribute: a 40-bit key when RC4 is used in WEP. Importantly, WEP's security failure is not only about key size; the 24-bit IV is too small and repeats frequently, and WEP's key scheduling vulnerabilities combined with IV reuse allow attackers to recover the secret key with enough captured frames. Still, among the given options, the correct attribute is the 40-bit key.


NEW QUESTION # 60
(What describes a true random number generator?)

Answer: C

Explanation:
A true random number generator (TRNG) draws randomness from physical phenomena that are inherently unpredictable and not algorithmically reproducible. Because of this, it is nondeterministic: you cannot feed it the same "input" and expect the same output stream. TRNGs are often slower than PRNGs because they depend on collecting entropy from hardware sources and may require conditioning to remove bias. This aligns with option B: slow and nondeterministic, producing different results even under similar or repeated conditions. Option A describes a deterministic PRNG, where identical seeds yield identical sequences. Option C is unrelated; factorization is a hard math problem used in cryptography (e.g., RSA security assumptions), not a randomness generator definition. Option D describes a counter, which is deterministic and not random.
In secure systems, TRNG output may seed a cryptographically secure PRNG to provide both unpredictability and high throughput; but the defining characteristic of a TRNG is nondeterminism from physical entropy.
Therefore, option B is correct.


NEW QUESTION # 61
(Which cryptographic technique is used to ensure data integrity?)

Answer: D

Explanation:
Data integrity means ensuring that information has not been modified without authorization. Digital signatures are a core cryptographic technique that provides integrity by binding a message (typically its hash) to the signer's private key. The signer creates a signature over the message digest; the verifier checks it with the signer's public key and recomputes the digest. Any change to the message alters the digest and causes verification to fail, revealing tampering. Digital signatures also support authenticity (verifying the signer) and can contribute to nonrepudiation under proper key-management and policy controls, but integrity is a primary guarantee they deliver. "Authentication" is broader and can be achieved by other means, but it is not as directly tied to integrity as signatures in this option set. "Non-repudiation" is an outcome/goal rather than a standalone integrity technique. "Steganography" hides the existence of data and does not inherently protect integrity. Therefore, among these options, digital signatures are the best cryptographic technique for ensuring data integrity.


NEW QUESTION # 62
(Which encryption mode is known for supporting parallel processing?)

Answer: A

Explanation:
ECB (Electronic Codebook) mode encrypts each block independently with the same key, which makes it naturally amenable to parallel processing: multiple blocks can be encrypted or decrypted simultaneously because there is no chaining dependency between blocks. This is in contrast to CBC encryption, where each plaintext block is XORed with the previous ciphertext block, creating a dependency that prevents straightforward parallelization of encryption (though CBC decryption can be parallelized because ciphertext blocks are already known). Feedback modes like CFB and OFB generate keystream material sequentially, where each step depends on the previous state, limiting parallelism. While ECB's parallelism is an implementation advantage, it is widely discouraged for most real data because it leaks patterns-identical plaintext blocks produce identical ciphertext blocks. Modern systems prefer parallel-friendly and secure modes such as CTR or GCM, but among the listed options, the mode most known for parallel processing is ECB due to block independence. Therefore, the correct answer is Electronic Codebook (ECB).


NEW QUESTION # 63
(What is the relationship between Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS)?)

Answer: A

Explanation:
TLS is the modern successor to SSL. SSL (notably SSL 2.0 and SSL 3.0) was an early protocol family for securing network communications, providing encryption, integrity, and endpoint authentication for applications like HTTPS. Over time, weaknesses were discovered in SSL's design and in the cryptographic mechanisms commonly used with it. TLS was introduced as an improved, standardized evolution (starting with TLS 1.0, based on SSL 3.0 but with important fixes), and later versions (TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3) significantly strengthened security by removing weak ciphers, improving key exchange, and tightening handshake and record protections. In practice, when people say "SSL" today, they often mean "TLS," but true SSL is deprecated and should not be used. SSL is not a replacement of TLS, and the two are not identical in security-TLS versions incorporate substantial improvements and modern cryptographic best practices. SSL is also not limited to email; it was widely used for web traffic and other protocols. Therefore, the correct relationship is that TLS replaced SSL to provide improved security.


NEW QUESTION # 64
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