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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation - RBAC configuration - API access restriction - Service account security |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Incident investigation - Behavioral analytics - Container immutability - Audit log configuration - Threat detection (Falco) |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Security contexts - Isolation & multi-tenancy - Secret management - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation - Pod Security Standards |
| System Hardening | 10% | - Minimize OS attack surface - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Least privilege IAM - Network access control |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Static analysis tools - SBOM & CI/CD security - Permitted registries - Signed artifacts & verification - Image security & scanning |
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Node metadata protection - Binary verification - CIS benchmark compliance - Secure Ingress configuration - Network security policies |
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NEW QUESTION # 54
Your Kubernetes cluster is running a set of microservices that are deployed in separate namespaces. You want to ensure that a specific microservice in the 'web-app' namespace can only communicate with services in the 'api-gateway' namespace. How can you implement this using NetworkPolicies?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Identify Targeted Services: Determine the specific microservice in the 'web-app' namespace that needs restricted access. Let's assume it's named 'web-service'
2 Create Network Policy: Create a NetworkPolicy YAML file named 'web-service-access-yamr to define the allowed communication:
- This policy allows the 'web-services pods in the 'web-app' namespace to communicate With services in the sapi-gateways namespace. 3. Apply Network Policy: Apply the NetworkPolicy using ' kubectr' bash kubectl apply -f web-service-access-yaml 4. Verify Network Policy: Verify that the NetworkPolicy is applied: bash kubectl get networkpolicies -n web-app 5. Test Access: Test communication from the 'web-service pods in the 'web-apps namespace to services in the 'api-gateway' namespace. This communication should be allowed. Try communicating from the 'web-service' pods to services in other namespaces. This communication should be blocked. This NetworkPolicy restricts the 'web-services pods to only communicate with services in the 'api-gateway' namespace. This effectively enforces a specific communication pattern between microservices deployed in different namespaces.
NEW QUESTION # 55
SIMULATION
Create a Pod name Nginx-pod inside the namespace testing, Create a service for the Nginx-pod named nginx-svc, using the ingress of your choice, run the ingress on tls, secure port.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 56
You are building a highly secure and sensitive Kubernetes cluster. Your architecture includes a separate namespace for running all CI/CD pipeline pods, isolated from the main application namespace. You want to ensure that only authorized users can access secrets in the CI/CD namespace- Describe how you would implement a secure mechanism for managing secrets and limiting access to them within the CI/CD namespace.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Dedicated Service Account for CI/CD:
- In the CI/CD namespace, create a service account named 'ci-cd-sa'
- This service account will be used only for running CI/CD pipelines.
2. Create a Secret with Restricted Access:
- Use the ' kubectl create secret generic' command to create a new secret in the CI/CD namespace.
- For example, you could use 'kubectl create secret generic my-secret -namespace-ci-cd' to create a secret named 'my- secret
- Use '--type' argument to create secrets of different types such as 'opaque', 'docker-registry' etc.
3. Create a RoleBinding:
- Create a role binding named 'ci-cd-sa-rolebinding' that associates the 'ci-cd-sa' service account with a custom role named 'ci-cd-secret-reader'
- This custom role will only grant access to read tne secrets in tne CI/CD namespace.
- Create a new role for the ci-cd-sa service account to only read the secrets in the namespace.
4. Configure your CI/CD pipeline: - Ensure your CI/CD pipelines are configured to use the 'ci-cd-sa' service account. - Configure your pipeline to access the secrets using the Kubernetes API.
NEW QUESTION # 57
Your organization has a policy requiring all Kubernetes deployments to utilize Pod Security Policies (PSPs) to enforce security best practices. You're responsible for creating a PSP that enforces the following:
- Only allows containers with a specific security context (privileged: false, runAsUser: 1000, readOnlyRootFilesystem: true)
- Restricts access to most resources by denying the 'hostPort and 'hostNetwork' capabilities.
- Prohibits the use of privileged containers.
Implement the required PSP configuration
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a PodSecurityPolicy:
- Define a PodSecurityP01icy named 'secure-policy' that enforces the specified security restrictions.
2. Create a PodSecurityPolicy8inding: - Bind the 'secure-policy' to a namespace or specific deployments. - This ensures that the PSP is enforced for deployments Within the bound scope.
3. Deploy the PSP: - Apply the 'secure-policy.yaml and 'secure-policy-binding.yaml files to the cluster - This will activate the PSP and enforce the defined security rules. 4. Validate PSP Enforcement - Attempt to create a deployment that violates the PSP rules. - Verifry that the deployment creation fails due to the PSP enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 58
SIMULATION
Context
You must fully integrate a container image scanner into the kubeadm provisioned cluster.
Task
Given an incomplete configuration located at /etc/kubernetes/bouncer and a functional container image scanner with an HTTPS endpoint at https://smooth-yak.local/review, perform the following tasks to implement a validating admission controller.
First, re-configure the API server to enable all admission plugin(s) to support the provided AdmissionConfiguration.
Next, re-configure the ImagePolicyWebhook configuration to deny images on backend failure.
Next, complete the backend configuration to point to the container image scanner's endpoint at https://smooth-yak.local/review.
Finally, to test the configuration, deploy the test resource defined in /home/candidate/vulnerable.yaml which is using an image that should be denied.
You may delete and re-create the resource as often as needed.
The container image scanner's log file is located at /var/log/nginx/access_log.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
Below is the CKS exam style "do-this-exactly" runbook for Q3. It includes the minimal discovery commands (so you don't guess filenames), then the exact lines/blocks to set.
QUESTION 3 - ImagePolicyWebhook (Validating Admission) - Exam Steps
0) SSH + root
ssh cks000002
sudo -i
1) Identify the provided config files (no guessing)
ls -la /etc/kubernetes/bouncer
You are looking for files typically named like:
admission_configuration.yaml (AdmissionConfiguration)
imagepolicywebhook.yaml (ImagePolicyWebhookConfiguration) OR the ImagePolicyWebhook config embedded inside the AdmissionConfiguration kubeconfig (webhook kubeconfig) If unsure which is which, quick peek:
grep -R "ImagePolicyWebhook" -n /etc/kubernetes/bouncer
grep -R "AdmissionConfiguration" -n /etc/kubernetes/bouncer
grep -R "kubeconfig" -n /etc/kubernetes/bouncer
PART A - Reconfigure API Server to enable required admission plugin(s)
2) Edit API server static pod manifest
vi /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
2.1 Enable the admission plugin ImagePolicyWebhook
Find the line starting with:
- --enable-admission-plugins=
Ensure ImagePolicyWebhook is included in that comma list.
Example (your list may differ; just add ImagePolicyWebhook):
- --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction,ImagePolicyWebhook
If the flag does not exist, add one line under command::
- --enable-admission-plugins=ImagePolicyWebhook
2.2 Point API server to the provided AdmissionConfiguration
In the same file, ensure this flag exists (use the file in /etc/kubernetes/bouncer that contains AdmissionConfiguration):
- --admission-control-config-file=/etc/kubernetes/bouncer/admission_configuration.yaml If your file is named differently, use the real filename you found in step 1, but keep the flag name exactly --admission-control-config-file.
Save/exit:
:wq
Static pod will restart automatically (kubelet watches the manifest).
Optional quick watch:
docker ps | grep kube-apiserver
# or:
crictl ps | grep kube-apiserver
PART B - Configure ImagePolicyWebhook to deny images on backend failure
3) Edit the ImagePolicyWebhook config
One of these is true on your cluster:
Option 1 (most common in these tasks): ImagePolicyWebhook config is a standalone file Edit the file in /etc/kubernetes/bouncer that contains kind: ImagePolicyWebhookConfiguration:
grep -R "kind: ImagePolicyWebhookConfiguration" -n /etc/kubernetes/bouncer vi /etc/kubernetes/bouncer/<THE_FILE_YOU_FOUND>.yaml Set (or ensure) exactly:
defaultAllow: false
Option 2: ImagePolicyWebhook config is embedded inside AdmissionConfiguration Edit the AdmissionConfiguration file:
vi /etc/kubernetes/bouncer/admission_configuration.yaml
Find the plugin section for ImagePolicyWebhook and ensure the config includes:
defaultAllow: false
✅ Save/exit:
:wq
PART C - Point backend configuration to https://smooth-yak.local/review
4) Edit the webhook kubeconfig to use the scanner endpoint
Find the kubeconfig file referenced by the ImagePolicyWebhook config.
Search for kubeConfigFile:
grep -R "kubeConfigFile" -n /etc/kubernetes/bouncer
Open that kubeconfig path (example name below; yours may differ):
vi /etc/kubernetes/bouncer/kubeconfig
In kubeconfig, set the cluster server exactly:
clusters:
- cluster:
server: https://smooth-yak.local/review
✅ Save/exit:
:wq
PART D - Restart effect (make sure API server picks up config)
Because you already edited /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml, the API server restarted.
To be safe (and fast), force a restart by "touching" the manifest (no content change needed):
touch /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
PART E - Test: apply vulnerable workload and confirm it is denied
5) Use admin kubeconfig (because old kubectl config may break)
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
kubectl get nodes
6) Deploy the test resource (should be DENIED)
kubectl apply -f /home/candidate/vulnerable.yaml
Expected: admission error/denied message.
If it already exists:
kubectl delete -f /home/candidate/vulnerable.yaml
kubectl apply -f /home/candidate/vulnerable.yaml
PART F - Verify the scanner was called (log check)
7) Check scanner access log
tail -n 50 /var/log/nginx/access_log
You should see requests hitting /review.
Quick "what to check if it doesn't deny"
Run these in order:
Confirm API server flags:
grep -n "enable-admission-plugins" /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml grep -n "admission-control-config-file" /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml Confirm deny-on-failure:
grep -R "defaultAllow" -n /etc/kubernetes/bouncer
Must show:
defaultAllow: false
Confirm endpoint:
grep -R "server: https://smooth-yak.local/review" -n /etc/kubernetes/bouncer API server logs (docker runtime):
docker ps | grep kube-apiserver
docker logs $(docker ps -q --filter name=kube-apiserver) --tail 80
If you paste the output of:
ls -/etc/kubernetes/bouncer
grep -R "kind: AdmissionConfiguration" -n /etc/kubernetes/bouncer
grep -R "ImagePolicyWebhook" -n /etc/kubernetes/bouncer
NEW QUESTION # 59
......
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2026 Latest ValidTorrent CKS PDF Dumps and CKS Exam Engine Free Share: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1rUlhse91UOuqv7xb0MjDuF15UfBnI2KA