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질문 # 16
When considering data rates available in HT and VHT PHY devices, in addition to the modulation, coding, channel width, and spatial streams, what impacts the data rate according to the MCS tables?
정답：B
설명：
The guard interval is a short period of time inserted between the symbols of an OFDM signal to prevent inter-symbol interference and improve the robustness of the transmission. The guard interval can have different values depending on the 802.11 standard and the configuration of the device. For example, 802.11n supports two guard intervals: 800 ns (normal) and 400 ns (short).
802.11ac supports the same guard intervals as 802.11n, plus an optional 200 ns guard interval for 80 MHz and 160 MHz channels. 802.11ax supports three guard intervals: 800 ns, 1600 ns, and 3200 ns.
The guard interval affects the data rate because it determines the duration of each symbol. A shorter guard interval means more symbols can be transmitted in a given time, resulting in a higher data rate. However, a shorter guard interval also means less protection against inter- symbol interference, which may degrade the signal quality and increase the error rate. Therefore, there is a trade-off between data rate and reliability when choosing the guard interval. The MCS tables for HT and VHT PHY devices show the data rates for different combinations of modulation, coding, channel width, spatial streams, and guard intervals. For example, for a VHT device using MCS 9 with QAM-256 modulation, 5/6 coding rate, 80 MHz channel width, and one spatial stream, the data rate is 433.3 Mbps with a normal guard interval (800 ns) and 486.7 Mbps with a short guard interval (400 ns). Therefore, the guard interval impacts the data rate according to the MCS tables.
질문 # 17
What is the final step in an effective troubleshooting process?
정답：C
설명：
The final step in an effective troubleshooting process is to document the results. Documentation is essential for keeping track of the problem history, the actions taken, the solutions implemented, and the outcomes achieved. Documentation can also help to prevent future problems, improve best practices, and provide feedback for improvement. Documentation should include relevant information such as problem description, symptoms, root cause analysis, resolution steps, verification methods, and lessons learned. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-
109], page 513; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-
109], page 483.
질문 # 18
You are deploying a WLAN monitoring solution that utilizes distributed sensor devices. Where should sensors be deployed for best results? Choose the single best answer.
정답：A
설명：
Sensors should be deployed in critical areas where WLAN performance must be high for best results when using a WLAN monitoring solution that utilizes distributed sensor devices. A WLAN monitoring solution is a system that collects, analyzes, and reports on the status and performance of a WLAN. A WLAN monitoring solution can use different methods to gather data from the WLAN, such as embedded software agents, external hardware probes, or distributed sensor devices. Distributed sensor devices are dedicated devices that are deployed throughout the WLAN coverage area to monitor the wireless traffic and environment.
Distributed sensor devices can perform various functions, such as scanning the spectrum, capturing wireless frames, measuring signal quality, detecting rogue access points, testing connectivity, and generating alerts.
Distributed sensor devices can provide more accurate and comprehensive data than other methods, but they also require more planning and deployment costs. Therefore, it is important to deploy sensors strategically in critical areas where WLAN performance must be high, such as high-density zones, high-priority applications, or high-security locations. By deploying sensors in critical areas, the WLAN monitoring solution can ensure optimal WLAN performance and reliability in those areas and identify and resolve any issues or problems that may arise. The other options are not the best places to deploy sensors for best results. Deploying sensors in switching closets is not effective because sensors need to be close to the wireless medium to monitor it properly. Deploying sensors every 5 meters and alongside each AP is not efficient because sensors may overlap or interfere with each other and cause unnecessary redundancy or complexity. Deploying sensors above the plenum on each floor is not practical because sensors may not capture the wireless traffic and environment accurately due to attenuation or reflection from the ceiling materials or objects. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 14: Troubleshooting Wireless LANs, page 4831
질문 # 19
What can cause excessive VSWR in RF cables used to connect a radio to an antenna?
정답：B
설명：
Impedance is the measure of opposition to the flow of alternating current (AC) in a circuit. Impedance mismatch occurs when the impedance of the radio does not match the impedance of the antenna or the cable.
This causes some of the transmitted or received signal to be reflected back, resulting in a loss of power and efficiency. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a metric that indicates the amount of impedance mismatch in a transmission line. A higher VSWR means a higher impedance mismatch and a lower signal quality. A VSWR of 1:1 is ideal, meaning there is no impedance mismatch and no reflected power. A VSWR of 2:1 means that for every 2 units of forward power, there is 1 unit of reflected power12.
The other options are not correct because they do not affect the VSWR in RF cables. A high gain yagi antenna or a high gain parabolic dish antenna can increase the signal strength and directionality, but they do not cause impedance mismatch in the cable. Radio output power above 100 mW but below 400 mW is within the acceptable range for most WLAN devices and does not cause excessive VSWR in the cable3.: 1: CWNA-109 Official Study Guide, page 77 2: VSWR 3: CWNA-109 Official Study Guide, page 81
질문 # 20
What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers)?
정답：B
설명：
What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers) is a Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions. The Fresnel Zone is an elliptical-shaped area around the line-of-sight path between two antennas that reflects and refracts the RF waves. The Fresnel Zone radius depends on the frequency of the RF signal and the distance between the antennas. For optimal performance, the Fresnel Zone should be at least
60% clear of any obstructions that may cause interference, attenuation, or multipath fading. The minimum output power level, antenna gain, and antenna type may vary depending on the environmental conditions and regulatory constraints, but they are not always required for a high quality RF link.
질문 # 21
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