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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Time Value of Money | - Present and future value calculations - Annuities and perpetuities |
| Cost of Capital and Valuation | - Bond and stock valuation basics - Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) |
| Capital Budgeting | - Net present value (NPV) - Internal rate of return (IRR) - Payback period analysis |
| Risk and Return | - Expected return - Portfolio risk and diversification |
| Financial Statement Analysis | - Cash flow analysis - Balance sheet and income statement interpretation - Financial ratios |
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NEW QUESTION # 56
Why would a company choose to maintain a certain level of cash as a reserve balance?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Maintaining a cash reserve is a core element of prudent working capital management. Firms hold cash to meet transaction needs, precautionary needs, and sometimes speculative opportunities. The precautionary motive is particularly important, as it allows firms to handle unexpected expenses, revenue shortfalls, or economic disruptions without relying on costly external financing. Adequate liquidity reduces the risk of financial distress and enhances operational flexibility. Financial management theory emphasizes balancing the opportunity cost of holding cash against the benefits of liquidity. Option C accurately reflects this precautionary and liquidity-focused rationale.
NEW QUESTION # 57
What is the dividend yield of a stock that pays annual dividends of $4 per share and has a current market price of $80?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Dividend yield measures the cash return an investor receives relative to the stock's current market price. It is calculated as Annual Dividend ÷ Market Price per Share. In this case, the dividend yield is
$4 ÷ $80 = 0.05, or 5%. Dividend yield is a key valuation metric, particularly for income-oriented investors, as it indicates the immediate cash return from holding the stock, excluding capital gains.
Financial managers monitor dividend yield to understand how dividend policy affects investor appeal and market valuation. Option B correctly reflects this calculation and interpretation.
NEW QUESTION # 58
Why might a firm use a combination of methods to calculate the cost of common equity?
Answer: A
Explanation:
No single model perfectly estimates the cost of common equity under all conditions. CAPM focuses on systematic risk, the Gordon growth model emphasizes dividends and growth, and other approaches may rely on market comparables. Each method has strengths and weaknesses depending on firm characteristics and market conditions. Financial management best practice therefore recommends using multiple approaches and comparing results to arrive at a more reliable estimate. This triangulation reduces model-specific bias and highlights potential inconsistencies in assumptions.
Managers then apply judgment to select a reasonable cost of equity that reflects risk, growth prospects, and investor expectations. Option A correctly reflects this practical, widely accepted approach.
NEW QUESTION # 59
Why might tax expense on the income statement not reflect the actual taxes paid by a firm?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Tax expense reported on the income statement is calculated using accrual accounting, which recognizes revenues and expenses when they are earned or incurred, not necessarily when cash is paid. In contrast, actual taxes paid are based on tax laws and cash payments made to tax authorities. Differences arise due to temporary and permanent timing differences between financial reporting rules and tax regulations. Examples include depreciation methods, revenue recognition timing, loss carryforwards, and deferred tax assets or liabilities. These differences cause tax expense to diverge from cash taxes paid in a given period. Financial managers and analysts must understand this distinction to accurately assess cash flows, particularly when forecasting free cash flow or valuing firms. Option A correctly explains this discrepancy, whereas the other options either deny the existence of differences or incorrectly characterize tax expense accounting.
NEW QUESTION # 60
How is the cash ratio calculated?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The cash ratio is a strict liquidity ratio that measures a company's ability to pay its current liabilities using only its most liquid assets: cash and cash equivalents. The formula is Cash and Cash Equivalents divided by Current Liabilities. This makes answer A correct. Unlike the current ratio, which includes all current assets, or the quick ratio, which includes cash, marketable securities, and receivables, the cash ratio focuses only on immediately available funds. Because it excludes inventory and accounts receivable, it is the most conservative measure of short-term liquidity. Financial analysts use the cash ratio to evaluate whether a firm could meet near-term obligations even under stressful conditions where receivables are not collected quickly and inventory cannot be sold promptly. A very low cash ratio may indicate liquidity risk, while an extremely high cash ratio may suggest inefficient use of idle funds. Choice B is incorrect because total liabilities include long-term obligations. Choice C defines the current ratio, not the cash ratio. Choice D is not a meaningful ratio formula. Therefore, A correctly states the formula used to calculate the cash ratio in financial statement analysis and working capital management.
NEW QUESTION # 61
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